Efficacy of lacosamide in the treatment of non-convulsive seizure and non-convulsive status epilepticus in septic patients: a narrative review
Abstract
Non-convulsive seizures (NCS) and non-convulsive status epilepticus (NCSE) are of the acute complications of patients admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU), which lead to increased mortality and morbidity. In these cases, immediate treatment with antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) is important to prevent further damage to the brain. AEDs are the first line of treatment, however, most of these medications have many side effects. In the recent years, significant advances have been made in this area and lacosamide is one of the therapeutic options. The intravenous formulation of this drug is most popular due to the lack of drug-drug interaction and properly designed studies which have been conducted in this field. In this review, the latest findings on the effect of lacosamide on acute non-convulsive and generalized-convulsive seizures (G-CS) are evaluated in critically ill patients admitted to the ICU.
1. Rossetti AO, Hirsch LJ, Drislane FW. Nonconvulsive seizures and nonconvulsive status epilepticus in the neuro ICU should or should not be treated aggressively: a debate. Clin Neurophysiol Pract. 2019;4:170-7.
2. Abend NS, Arndt DH, Carpenter JL, Chapman KE, Cornett KM, Gallentine WB, et al. Electrographic seizures in pediatric ICU patients: cohort study of risk factors and mortality. Neurology. 2013;81(4):383-91.
3. Chaudhry N, Duggal AK. Sepsis associated encephalopathy. Adv Med.2014;2014:762320.
4. Guo J, Cheng Y, Wang Q, Su J, Cui L, Jin Z. Changes of rScO2 and ScvO2 in children with sepsis related encephalopathy with different prognoses and clinical features. Exp Ther Med. 2019;17(5):3943-8.
5. Sánchez S, Rincon F. Status epilepticus: epidemiology and public health needs. J Clin Med. 2016;5(8):71.
6. Ercole A, Prisco L. Seizures. Core topics in cardiothoracic clinical care. [Book chapter] 2nd edition, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press ; 2018.
7. Weintraub D, Buchsbaum R, Resor Jr S, Hirsch L. Psychiatric and behavioral side effects of the newer antiepileptic drugs in adults with epilepsy. Epilepsy Behav. 2007;10(1):105-10.
8. Chung S, Sperling MR, Biton V, Krauss G, Hebert D, Rudd GD, et al. Lacosamide as adjunctive therapy for partial‐onset seizures: a randomized controlled trial. Epilepsia. 2010;51(6):958-67.
9. Rogawski MA, Tofighy A, White HS, Matagne A, Wolff C. Current understanding of the mechanism of action of the antiepileptic drug lacosamide. Epilepsy Res. 2015;110:189-205.
10. Doty P, Rudd GD, Stoehr T, Thomas D. Lacosamide. Neurotherapeutics. 2007;4(1):145-8.
11. Vezzani A, Moneta D, Richichi C, Perego C, De Simoni MG. Functional role of proinflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines in seizures. Adv Exp Med Biol. 2004;548:123-33.
12. Sewal RK, Modi M, Saikia UN, Chakrabarti A, Medhi B. Increase in seizure susceptibility in sepsis like condition explained by spiking cytokines and altered adhesion molecules level with impaired blood brain barrier integrity in experimental model of rats treated with lipopolysaccharides. Epilepsy Res. 2017;135:176-86.
13. Viviani B, Bartesaghi S, Gardoni F, Vezzani A, Behrens MM, Bartfai T, et al. Interleukin-1β enhances NMDA receptor-mediated intracellular calcium increase through activation of the Src family of kinases. J Neurosci. 2003;23(25):8692.
14. Tian G-F, Azmi H, Takano T, Xu Q, Peng W, Lin J, et al. An astrocytic basis of epilepsy. Nat Med. 2005;11(9):973-81.
15. Reznik ME, Merkler AE, Mahta A, Murthy SB, Claassen J, Kamel H. Long-term risk of seizures in adult survivors of sepsis. Neurology. 2017;89(14):1476.
16. Semmler A, Hermann S, Mormann F, Weberpals M, Paxian SA, Okulla T, et al. Sepsis causes neuroinflammation and concomitant decrease of cerebral metabolism. J Neuroinflammation. 2008;5(1):38.
17. d'Avila JC, Santiago AP, Amâncio RT, Galina A, Oliveira MF, Bozza FA. Sepsis induces brain mitochondrial dysfunction. Crit Care Med. 2008;36(6):1925-32.
18. Strein M, Holton-Burke JP, Smith LR, Brophy GM. Prevention, treatment, and monitoring of seizures in the intensive care unit. J Clin Med. 2019;8(8).
19. Alldredge BK, Gelb AM, Isaacs SM, Corry MD, Allen F, Ulrich S, et al. A comparison of lorazepam, diazepam, and placebo for the treatment of out-of-hospital status epilepticus. N Engl J Med. 2001;345(9):631-7.
20. Campo‐Soria C, Chang Y, Weiss DS. Mechanism of action of benzodiazepines on GABAA receptors. Br J Pharmacol. 2006;148(7):984-90.
21. Prasad M, Krishnan PR, Sequeira R, Al‐Roomi K. Anticonvulsant therapy for status epilepticus. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2014(9):CD003723.
22. Farrokh S, Tahsili-Fahadan P, Ritzl EK, Lewin JJ 3rd, Mirski MA. Antiepileptic drugs in critically ill patients. Crit Care. 2018;22(1):153.
23. Hönack D, Löscher W. Intravenous valproate: onset and duration of anticonvulsant activity against a series of electroconvulsions in comparison with diazepam and phenytoin. Epilepsy Res. 1992;13(3):215-21.
24. Löscher W, Gillard M, Sands ZA, Kaminski RM, Klitgaard H. Synaptic vesicle glycoprotein 2A ligands in the treatment of epilepsy and beyond. CNS Drugs. 2016;30(11):1055-77.
25. Sutter R, Marsch S, Rüegg S. Safety and efficacy of intravenous lacosamide for adjunctive treatment of refractory status epilepticus: a comparative cohort study. CNS Drugs. 2013;27(4):321-9.
26. Husain AM, Lee JW, Kolls BJ, Hirsch LJ, Halford JJ, Gupta PK, et al. Randomized trial of lacosamide versus fosphenytoin for nonconvulsive seizures. Ann Neurol. 2018;83(6):1174-85.
27. Beyreuther BK, Freitag J, Heers C, Krebsfänger N, Scharfenecker U, Stöhr T. Lacosamide: a review of preclinical properties. CNS Drug Rev. 2007;13(1):21-42.
28. Jeong H, Yadav NN, Ha H-J. Synthesis of lacosamide (Vimpat) and its derivatives from Aziridine-(2R)-carboxylate. Synthesis. 2017;49(06):1264-72.
29. Cawello W, Stockis A, Andreas JO, Dimova S. Advances in epilepsy treatment: lacosamide pharmacokinetic profile. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2014;1329:18-32.
30. Cawello W. Clinical pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic profile of lacosamide. Clin pharmacokinet. 2015;54(9):901-14.
31. Fountain NB, Krauss G, Isojarvi J, Dilley D, Doty P, Rudd GD. Safety and tolerability of adjunctive lacosamide intravenous loading dose in lacosamide‐naive patients with partial‐onset seizures. Epilepsia. 2013;54(1):58-65.
32. Cawello W, Fuhr U, Hering U, Maatouk H, Halabi A. Impact of impaired renal function on the pharmacokinetics of the antiepileptic drug lacosamide. Clin Pharmacokinet. 2013;52(10):897-906.
33. Cawello W, Boekens H, Bonn R. Absorption, disposition, metabolic fate and elimination of the anti-epileptic drug lacosamide in humans: mass balance following intravenous and oral administration. Eur J Drug Metab Pharmacokinet. 2012;37(4):241-8.
34. Thomas D, Scharfenecker U, Schiltmeyer B, Doty P, Cawello W, Horstmann R. Low potential for drug-drug interaction of lacosamide. Epilepsia. 2006;47(4s):200.
35. Patsalos PN. Drug interactions with the newer antiepileptic drugs (AEDs)—part 1: pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic interactions between AEDs. Clinpharmacokinet. 2013;52(11):927-66.
36. Wolff C, Carrington B, Varrin Doyer M, Vandendriessche A, Van der Perren C, Famelart M, et al. Drug binding assays do not reveal specific binding of lacosamide to collapsin response mediator protein 2 (CRMP‐2). CNS neurosci ther. 2012;18(6):493-500.
37. Löscher W, Schmidt D. Which animal models should be used in the search for new antiepileptic drugs? A proposal based on experimental and clinical considerations. Epilepsy Res. 1988;2(3):145-81.
38. Barton ME, Klein BD, Wolf HH, White HS. Pharmacological characterization of the 6 Hz psychomotor seizure model of partial epilepsy. Epilepsy Res. 2001;47(3):217-27.
39. Beyreuther BK, Freitag J, Heers C, Krebsfänger N, Scharfenecker U, Stöhr T. Lacosamide: a review of preclinical properties. CNS Drug Rev. 2007;13(1):21-42.
40. Errington AC, Coyne L, Stöhr T, Selve N, Lees G. Seeking a mechanism of action for the novel anticonvulsant lacosamide. Neuropharmacology. 2006;50(8):1016-29.
41. Stöhr T, Kupferberg HJ, Stables JP, Choi D, Harris RH, Kohn H, et al. Lacosamide, a novel anti-convulsant drug, shows efficacy with a wide safety margin in rodent models for epilepsy. Epilepsy Res. 2007;74(2-3):147-54.
42. Ben-Menachem E, Biton V, Jatuzis D, Abou-Khalil B, Doty P, Rudd GD. Efficacy and safety of oral lacosamide as adjunctive therapy in adults with partial-onset seizures. Epilepsia. 2007;48(7):1308-17.
43. Biton V, Rosenfeld WE, Whitesides J, Fountain NB, Vaiciene N, Rudd GD. Intravenous lacosamide as replacement for oral lacosamide in patients with partial-onset seizures. Epilepsia. 2008;49(3):418-24.
44. Biton V, Rosenfeld WE, Whitesides J, Fountain NB, Vaiciene N, Rudd GD. Intravenous lacosamide as replacement for oral lacosamide in patients with partial‐onset seizures. Epilepsia. 2008;49(3):418-24.
45. Krauss GL, Ben-Menachem E, Mameniškienė R, Vaičienė-Magistris N, Whitesides JG, Brock M, editors. Intravenous lacosamide as replacement for oral lacosamide in subjects with partial-onset seizures: a multicenter, open-label, inpatient safety and tolerability trial. Neurology: 659th Annual Meeting of the American-Academy-of-Neurology: Boston, April 28-May 05, 2007, 2007, vol 68, iss 12, suppl 1; 2007.
46. Rijsdijk M, Leijten FS, Slooter AJ. Continuous EEG monitoring in the intensive care unit. Neth J Crit Care. 2008;12(4):157-62.
47. Jirsch J, Hirsch L. Nonconvulsive seizures: developing a rational approach to the diagnosis and management in the critically ill population. Clin Neurophysiol. 2007;118(8):1660-70.
48. Husain AM. Lacosamide in status epilepticus: update on the TRENdS study. Epilepsy Behav. 2015;49:337-9.
49. Husain AM, Lee JW, Kolls BJ, Hirsch LJ, Halford JJ, Gupta PK, et al. Randomized trial of lacosamide versus fosphenytoin for nonconvulsive seizures. Ann Neurol. 2018;83(6):1174-85.
50. Savran M, Ozmen O, Erzurumlu Y, Savas HB, Asci S, Kaynak M. The impact of prophylactic lacosamide on LPS-induced neuroinflammation in aged rats. Inflammation. 2019;42(5):1913-24.
51. Legros B, Depondt C, Levy-Nogueira M, Ligot N, Mavroudakis N, Naeije G, et al. Intravenous lacosamide in refractory seizure clusters and status epilepticus: comparison of 200 and 400 mg loading doses. Neurocrit Care. 2014;20(3):484-8.
52. Moreno Morales EY, Fernandez Peleteiro M, Bondy Peña EC, Domínguez Lorenzo JM, Pardellas Santiago E, Fernández A. Observational study of intravenous lacosamide in patients with convulsive versus non-convulsive status epilepticus. Clin Drug Investig. 2015;35(7):463-9.
53. Strzelczyk A, Zöllner JP, Willems LM, Jost J, Paule E, Schubert-Bast S, et al. Lacosamide in status epilepticus: systematic review of current evidence. Epilepsia. 2017;58(6):933-50.
54. Kellinghaus C, Berning S, Immisch I, Larch J, Rosenow F, Rossetti AO, et al. Intravenous lacosamide for treatment of status epilepticus. Acta Neurol Scand. 2011;123(2):137-41.
55. Albers JM, Möddel G, Dittrich R, Steidl C, Suntrup S, Ringelstein EB, et al. Intravenous lacosamide--an effective add-on treatment of refractory status epilepticus. Seizure. 2011;20(5):428-30.
56. Goodwin H, Hinson HE, Shermock KM, Karanjia N, Lewin JJ. The use of lacosamide in refractory status epilepticus. Neurocrit care. 2011;14(3):348-53.
57. Höfler J, Unterberger I, Dobesberger J, Kuchukhidze G, Walser G, Trinka E. Intravenous lacosamide in status epilepticus and seizure clusters. Epilepsia. 2011;52(10):e148-52.
58. Koubeissi MZ, Mayor CL, Estephan B, Rashid S, Azar NJ. Efficacy and safety of intravenous lacosamide in refractory nonconvulsive status epilepticus. Acta Neurol Scand. 2011;123(2):142-6.
59. Rantsch K, Walter U, Wittstock M, Benecke R, Rösche J. Efficacy of intravenous lacosamide in refractory nonconvulsive status epilepticus and simple partial status epilepticus. Seizure. 2011;20(7):529-32.
60. Cherry S, Judd L, Muniz JC, Elzawahry H, LaRoche S. Safety and efficacy of lacosamide in the intensive care unit. Neurocrit Care. 2012;16(2):294-8.
61. Mnatsakanyan L, Chung JM, Tsimerinov EI, Eliashiv DS. Intravenous lacosamide in refractory nonconvulsive status epilepticus. Seizure. 2012;21(3):198-201.
62. Belcastro V, Vidale S, Pierguidi L, Sironi L, Tancredi L, Striano P, et al. Intravenous lacosamide as treatment option in post-stroke non convulsive status epilepticus in the elderly: a proof-of-concept, observational study. Seizure. 2013;22(10):905-7.
63. Hadjigeorgiou GF, Petsanas A, Anagnostopoulos C, Chamilos C, Vranos G, Spyridakis P. Treatment of refractory simple partial status epilepticus by the addition of oral lacosamide in neurosurgical patients. Report of 3 cases. Epilepsy Behav Case Rep. 2013;1:69-70.
64. Santamarina E, Toledo M, Sueiras M, Raspall M, Ailouti N, Lainez E, et al. Usefulness of intravenous lacosamide in status epilepticus. J Neurol. 2013;260(12):3122-8.
2. Abend NS, Arndt DH, Carpenter JL, Chapman KE, Cornett KM, Gallentine WB, et al. Electrographic seizures in pediatric ICU patients: cohort study of risk factors and mortality. Neurology. 2013;81(4):383-91.
3. Chaudhry N, Duggal AK. Sepsis associated encephalopathy. Adv Med.2014;2014:762320.
4. Guo J, Cheng Y, Wang Q, Su J, Cui L, Jin Z. Changes of rScO2 and ScvO2 in children with sepsis related encephalopathy with different prognoses and clinical features. Exp Ther Med. 2019;17(5):3943-8.
5. Sánchez S, Rincon F. Status epilepticus: epidemiology and public health needs. J Clin Med. 2016;5(8):71.
6. Ercole A, Prisco L. Seizures. Core topics in cardiothoracic clinical care. [Book chapter] 2nd edition, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press ; 2018.
7. Weintraub D, Buchsbaum R, Resor Jr S, Hirsch L. Psychiatric and behavioral side effects of the newer antiepileptic drugs in adults with epilepsy. Epilepsy Behav. 2007;10(1):105-10.
8. Chung S, Sperling MR, Biton V, Krauss G, Hebert D, Rudd GD, et al. Lacosamide as adjunctive therapy for partial‐onset seizures: a randomized controlled trial. Epilepsia. 2010;51(6):958-67.
9. Rogawski MA, Tofighy A, White HS, Matagne A, Wolff C. Current understanding of the mechanism of action of the antiepileptic drug lacosamide. Epilepsy Res. 2015;110:189-205.
10. Doty P, Rudd GD, Stoehr T, Thomas D. Lacosamide. Neurotherapeutics. 2007;4(1):145-8.
11. Vezzani A, Moneta D, Richichi C, Perego C, De Simoni MG. Functional role of proinflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines in seizures. Adv Exp Med Biol. 2004;548:123-33.
12. Sewal RK, Modi M, Saikia UN, Chakrabarti A, Medhi B. Increase in seizure susceptibility in sepsis like condition explained by spiking cytokines and altered adhesion molecules level with impaired blood brain barrier integrity in experimental model of rats treated with lipopolysaccharides. Epilepsy Res. 2017;135:176-86.
13. Viviani B, Bartesaghi S, Gardoni F, Vezzani A, Behrens MM, Bartfai T, et al. Interleukin-1β enhances NMDA receptor-mediated intracellular calcium increase through activation of the Src family of kinases. J Neurosci. 2003;23(25):8692.
14. Tian G-F, Azmi H, Takano T, Xu Q, Peng W, Lin J, et al. An astrocytic basis of epilepsy. Nat Med. 2005;11(9):973-81.
15. Reznik ME, Merkler AE, Mahta A, Murthy SB, Claassen J, Kamel H. Long-term risk of seizures in adult survivors of sepsis. Neurology. 2017;89(14):1476.
16. Semmler A, Hermann S, Mormann F, Weberpals M, Paxian SA, Okulla T, et al. Sepsis causes neuroinflammation and concomitant decrease of cerebral metabolism. J Neuroinflammation. 2008;5(1):38.
17. d'Avila JC, Santiago AP, Amâncio RT, Galina A, Oliveira MF, Bozza FA. Sepsis induces brain mitochondrial dysfunction. Crit Care Med. 2008;36(6):1925-32.
18. Strein M, Holton-Burke JP, Smith LR, Brophy GM. Prevention, treatment, and monitoring of seizures in the intensive care unit. J Clin Med. 2019;8(8).
19. Alldredge BK, Gelb AM, Isaacs SM, Corry MD, Allen F, Ulrich S, et al. A comparison of lorazepam, diazepam, and placebo for the treatment of out-of-hospital status epilepticus. N Engl J Med. 2001;345(9):631-7.
20. Campo‐Soria C, Chang Y, Weiss DS. Mechanism of action of benzodiazepines on GABAA receptors. Br J Pharmacol. 2006;148(7):984-90.
21. Prasad M, Krishnan PR, Sequeira R, Al‐Roomi K. Anticonvulsant therapy for status epilepticus. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2014(9):CD003723.
22. Farrokh S, Tahsili-Fahadan P, Ritzl EK, Lewin JJ 3rd, Mirski MA. Antiepileptic drugs in critically ill patients. Crit Care. 2018;22(1):153.
23. Hönack D, Löscher W. Intravenous valproate: onset and duration of anticonvulsant activity against a series of electroconvulsions in comparison with diazepam and phenytoin. Epilepsy Res. 1992;13(3):215-21.
24. Löscher W, Gillard M, Sands ZA, Kaminski RM, Klitgaard H. Synaptic vesicle glycoprotein 2A ligands in the treatment of epilepsy and beyond. CNS Drugs. 2016;30(11):1055-77.
25. Sutter R, Marsch S, Rüegg S. Safety and efficacy of intravenous lacosamide for adjunctive treatment of refractory status epilepticus: a comparative cohort study. CNS Drugs. 2013;27(4):321-9.
26. Husain AM, Lee JW, Kolls BJ, Hirsch LJ, Halford JJ, Gupta PK, et al. Randomized trial of lacosamide versus fosphenytoin for nonconvulsive seizures. Ann Neurol. 2018;83(6):1174-85.
27. Beyreuther BK, Freitag J, Heers C, Krebsfänger N, Scharfenecker U, Stöhr T. Lacosamide: a review of preclinical properties. CNS Drug Rev. 2007;13(1):21-42.
28. Jeong H, Yadav NN, Ha H-J. Synthesis of lacosamide (Vimpat) and its derivatives from Aziridine-(2R)-carboxylate. Synthesis. 2017;49(06):1264-72.
29. Cawello W, Stockis A, Andreas JO, Dimova S. Advances in epilepsy treatment: lacosamide pharmacokinetic profile. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2014;1329:18-32.
30. Cawello W. Clinical pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic profile of lacosamide. Clin pharmacokinet. 2015;54(9):901-14.
31. Fountain NB, Krauss G, Isojarvi J, Dilley D, Doty P, Rudd GD. Safety and tolerability of adjunctive lacosamide intravenous loading dose in lacosamide‐naive patients with partial‐onset seizures. Epilepsia. 2013;54(1):58-65.
32. Cawello W, Fuhr U, Hering U, Maatouk H, Halabi A. Impact of impaired renal function on the pharmacokinetics of the antiepileptic drug lacosamide. Clin Pharmacokinet. 2013;52(10):897-906.
33. Cawello W, Boekens H, Bonn R. Absorption, disposition, metabolic fate and elimination of the anti-epileptic drug lacosamide in humans: mass balance following intravenous and oral administration. Eur J Drug Metab Pharmacokinet. 2012;37(4):241-8.
34. Thomas D, Scharfenecker U, Schiltmeyer B, Doty P, Cawello W, Horstmann R. Low potential for drug-drug interaction of lacosamide. Epilepsia. 2006;47(4s):200.
35. Patsalos PN. Drug interactions with the newer antiepileptic drugs (AEDs)—part 1: pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic interactions between AEDs. Clinpharmacokinet. 2013;52(11):927-66.
36. Wolff C, Carrington B, Varrin Doyer M, Vandendriessche A, Van der Perren C, Famelart M, et al. Drug binding assays do not reveal specific binding of lacosamide to collapsin response mediator protein 2 (CRMP‐2). CNS neurosci ther. 2012;18(6):493-500.
37. Löscher W, Schmidt D. Which animal models should be used in the search for new antiepileptic drugs? A proposal based on experimental and clinical considerations. Epilepsy Res. 1988;2(3):145-81.
38. Barton ME, Klein BD, Wolf HH, White HS. Pharmacological characterization of the 6 Hz psychomotor seizure model of partial epilepsy. Epilepsy Res. 2001;47(3):217-27.
39. Beyreuther BK, Freitag J, Heers C, Krebsfänger N, Scharfenecker U, Stöhr T. Lacosamide: a review of preclinical properties. CNS Drug Rev. 2007;13(1):21-42.
40. Errington AC, Coyne L, Stöhr T, Selve N, Lees G. Seeking a mechanism of action for the novel anticonvulsant lacosamide. Neuropharmacology. 2006;50(8):1016-29.
41. Stöhr T, Kupferberg HJ, Stables JP, Choi D, Harris RH, Kohn H, et al. Lacosamide, a novel anti-convulsant drug, shows efficacy with a wide safety margin in rodent models for epilepsy. Epilepsy Res. 2007;74(2-3):147-54.
42. Ben-Menachem E, Biton V, Jatuzis D, Abou-Khalil B, Doty P, Rudd GD. Efficacy and safety of oral lacosamide as adjunctive therapy in adults with partial-onset seizures. Epilepsia. 2007;48(7):1308-17.
43. Biton V, Rosenfeld WE, Whitesides J, Fountain NB, Vaiciene N, Rudd GD. Intravenous lacosamide as replacement for oral lacosamide in patients with partial-onset seizures. Epilepsia. 2008;49(3):418-24.
44. Biton V, Rosenfeld WE, Whitesides J, Fountain NB, Vaiciene N, Rudd GD. Intravenous lacosamide as replacement for oral lacosamide in patients with partial‐onset seizures. Epilepsia. 2008;49(3):418-24.
45. Krauss GL, Ben-Menachem E, Mameniškienė R, Vaičienė-Magistris N, Whitesides JG, Brock M, editors. Intravenous lacosamide as replacement for oral lacosamide in subjects with partial-onset seizures: a multicenter, open-label, inpatient safety and tolerability trial. Neurology: 659th Annual Meeting of the American-Academy-of-Neurology: Boston, April 28-May 05, 2007, 2007, vol 68, iss 12, suppl 1; 2007.
46. Rijsdijk M, Leijten FS, Slooter AJ. Continuous EEG monitoring in the intensive care unit. Neth J Crit Care. 2008;12(4):157-62.
47. Jirsch J, Hirsch L. Nonconvulsive seizures: developing a rational approach to the diagnosis and management in the critically ill population. Clin Neurophysiol. 2007;118(8):1660-70.
48. Husain AM. Lacosamide in status epilepticus: update on the TRENdS study. Epilepsy Behav. 2015;49:337-9.
49. Husain AM, Lee JW, Kolls BJ, Hirsch LJ, Halford JJ, Gupta PK, et al. Randomized trial of lacosamide versus fosphenytoin for nonconvulsive seizures. Ann Neurol. 2018;83(6):1174-85.
50. Savran M, Ozmen O, Erzurumlu Y, Savas HB, Asci S, Kaynak M. The impact of prophylactic lacosamide on LPS-induced neuroinflammation in aged rats. Inflammation. 2019;42(5):1913-24.
51. Legros B, Depondt C, Levy-Nogueira M, Ligot N, Mavroudakis N, Naeije G, et al. Intravenous lacosamide in refractory seizure clusters and status epilepticus: comparison of 200 and 400 mg loading doses. Neurocrit Care. 2014;20(3):484-8.
52. Moreno Morales EY, Fernandez Peleteiro M, Bondy Peña EC, Domínguez Lorenzo JM, Pardellas Santiago E, Fernández A. Observational study of intravenous lacosamide in patients with convulsive versus non-convulsive status epilepticus. Clin Drug Investig. 2015;35(7):463-9.
53. Strzelczyk A, Zöllner JP, Willems LM, Jost J, Paule E, Schubert-Bast S, et al. Lacosamide in status epilepticus: systematic review of current evidence. Epilepsia. 2017;58(6):933-50.
54. Kellinghaus C, Berning S, Immisch I, Larch J, Rosenow F, Rossetti AO, et al. Intravenous lacosamide for treatment of status epilepticus. Acta Neurol Scand. 2011;123(2):137-41.
55. Albers JM, Möddel G, Dittrich R, Steidl C, Suntrup S, Ringelstein EB, et al. Intravenous lacosamide--an effective add-on treatment of refractory status epilepticus. Seizure. 2011;20(5):428-30.
56. Goodwin H, Hinson HE, Shermock KM, Karanjia N, Lewin JJ. The use of lacosamide in refractory status epilepticus. Neurocrit care. 2011;14(3):348-53.
57. Höfler J, Unterberger I, Dobesberger J, Kuchukhidze G, Walser G, Trinka E. Intravenous lacosamide in status epilepticus and seizure clusters. Epilepsia. 2011;52(10):e148-52.
58. Koubeissi MZ, Mayor CL, Estephan B, Rashid S, Azar NJ. Efficacy and safety of intravenous lacosamide in refractory nonconvulsive status epilepticus. Acta Neurol Scand. 2011;123(2):142-6.
59. Rantsch K, Walter U, Wittstock M, Benecke R, Rösche J. Efficacy of intravenous lacosamide in refractory nonconvulsive status epilepticus and simple partial status epilepticus. Seizure. 2011;20(7):529-32.
60. Cherry S, Judd L, Muniz JC, Elzawahry H, LaRoche S. Safety and efficacy of lacosamide in the intensive care unit. Neurocrit Care. 2012;16(2):294-8.
61. Mnatsakanyan L, Chung JM, Tsimerinov EI, Eliashiv DS. Intravenous lacosamide in refractory nonconvulsive status epilepticus. Seizure. 2012;21(3):198-201.
62. Belcastro V, Vidale S, Pierguidi L, Sironi L, Tancredi L, Striano P, et al. Intravenous lacosamide as treatment option in post-stroke non convulsive status epilepticus in the elderly: a proof-of-concept, observational study. Seizure. 2013;22(10):905-7.
63. Hadjigeorgiou GF, Petsanas A, Anagnostopoulos C, Chamilos C, Vranos G, Spyridakis P. Treatment of refractory simple partial status epilepticus by the addition of oral lacosamide in neurosurgical patients. Report of 3 cases. Epilepsy Behav Case Rep. 2013;1:69-70.
64. Santamarina E, Toledo M, Sueiras M, Raspall M, Ailouti N, Lainez E, et al. Usefulness of intravenous lacosamide in status epilepticus. J Neurol. 2013;260(12):3122-8.
| Files | ||
| Issue | Vol 6 No 3 (2022): Summer (July) | |
| Section | Review article | |
| DOI | 10.18502/fem.v6i3.9401 | |
| Keywords | ||
| Critically Ill Intensive Care Unit Lacosamide Non-convulsive Seizures Non-convulsive Status Epilepticus Sepsis | ||
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Amini K, Sahebnasagh A, Mojtahedzadeh M. Efficacy of lacosamide in the treatment of non-convulsive seizure and non-convulsive status epilepticus in septic patients: a narrative review. Front Emerg Med. 2021;6(3):e39.
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