Utilizing injury severity score, Glasgow coma scale, and revised trauma score for trauma-related in-hospital mortality and ICU admission prediction; originated from 7-year results of a nationwide multicenter registry
-
Armin Khavandegar
,
Vali Baigi
,
Mohammadreza Zafarghandi
,
Vafa Rahimi-Movaghar
,
Esmaeil Fakharian
,
Seyed Houssein Saeed-Banadaky
,
Vahid Hoseinpour
,
Homayoun Sadeghi-Bazargani
,
Akram Zolfaghari Sadrabad
,
Salman daliri
,
Mehdi Nasr Isfahani
,
Vahid Rahmanian
,
morteza Hemmat
,
Rahim Aali
,
Mohamad Kogani
,
sobhan Pourmasjedi
,
Seyed Mohammad Piri
,
Sara Mirzamohamadi
,
Mahgol Sadat Hassan zadeh Tabatabaei
,
Khatereh Naghdi
,
Payman Salamati
Abstract
Objective: During the past few decades, many scoring systems have been developed to evaluate the severity of injury and predict the outcome in trauma patients. This study aimed to assess the capacity of three common trauma scoring systems: injury severity score (ISS), Glasgow coma scale (GCS), and revised trauma score (RTS) in predicting in-hospital mortality and ICU admission in patients with traumatic injury. Methods: This is a multicenter study of the hospital-based national trauma registry of Iran (NTRI), an ongoing registry-based trauma database. This study included trauma cases from 12 major trauma centers throughout the country admitted between July 2016 and November 2023. The inclusion criteria were all patients admitted to the emergency department due to trauma, hospitalized for at least 24 hours, deceased within the first 24 hours of admission, and patients transferred from the intensive care unit (ICU)s of other hospitals. Results: A total of 50,458 traumatic patients, with 38,740 (76.9%) being male, were included in this study. After adjustment for confounders, head, face, and neck injuries were associated with the highest odds of death (OR: 7.51, P-value<0.001), whereas abdominal injuries were associated with the highest odds of ICU admission (OR: 4.58, P-value<0.001). Each Unit increase in RTS score was accompanied by a 61% decrease in odds of death (OR: 0.39, P-value<0.001). The area under the ROC curve for predicting in-hospital mortality was 0.81 (0.79 to 0.82) in ISS, 0.78 (0.77 to 0.80) in GCS, and 0.75 (0.73 to 0.76) in RTS. There was a significant difference between RTS and GCS, as well as RTS and ISS for in-hospital mortality prediction (P-values< 0.001). The area under the ROC curve for the prediction of ICU admission was 0.75 (0.74 to 0.75) in ISS, 0.63 (0.62 to 0.63) in GCS, and 0.62 (0.61 to 0.63) in RTS. There was a statistically significant difference between ISS and GCS, as well as ISS and RTS, for ICU admission prediction (P-value<0.001). Conclusion: ISS is the best predictor of in-hospital mortality and ICU admission, compared to GCS and RTS.
1. DiMaggio C, Ayoung-Chee P, Shinseki M, Wilson C, Marshall G, Lee DC, Wall S, Maulana S, Pachter HL, Frangos S. Traumatic injury in the United States: in-patient epidemiology 2000–2011. Injury. 2016;47(7):1393-403.
2. Alberdi F, García I, Atutxa L, Zabarte M, de Trauma GdT, de SEMICYUC N. Epidemiología del trauma grave. Medicina Intensiva. 2014;38(9):580-8.
3. Haagsma JA, Graetz N, Bolliger I, Naghavi M, Higashi H, Mullany EC, Abera SF, Abraham JP, Adofo K, Alsharif U. The global burden of injury: incidence, mortality, disability-adjusted life years and time trends from the global burden of disease study 2013. Inj Prev. 2016;22(1):3-18.
4. Beerekamp M, de Muinck Keizer R, Schep N, Ubbink D, Panneman M, Goslings J. Epidemiology of extremity fractures in the Netherlands. Injury. 2017;48(7):1355-62.
5. Khavandegar A, Baigi V, Zafarghandi M, Rahimi-Movaghar V, Farahmand-Rad R, Piri S-M, Hassan Zadeh Tabatabaei MS, Naghdi K, Salamati P. Which demographic and clinical characteristics can better predict the length of hospital stay among traumatic patients? a retrospective single-center, registry-based study. Medical Journal of The Islamic Republic of Iran (MJIRI). 2024;38(1):111-7.
6. Tabatabaei MSHZ, Baigi V, Zafarghandi M, Rahimi-Movaghar V, Hasanloei MAV, Piri SM, Khavandegar A, Naghdi K, Salamati P. Epidemiology of injuries among patients admitted to Imam Khomeini Hospital, Urmia, affiliated with the national trauma registry of Iran. Front Emerg Med. 2024;8(1):e5-e.
7. Javali RH, Patil A, Srinivasarangan M. Comparison of injury severity score, new injury severity score, revised trauma score and trauma and injury severity score for mortality prediction in elderly trauma patients. Indian J Crit Care Med. 2019;23(2):73.
8. Khavandegar A, Salamati P, Zafarghandi M, Rahimi-Movaghar V, Sharif-Alhoseini M, Fakharian E, Saeed-Banadaky SH, Hoseinpour V, Sadeghian F, Nasr Isfahani M. Comparison of nine trauma scoring systems in prediction of inhospital outcomes of pediatric trauma patients: a multicenter study. Sci Rep. 2024;14(1):7646.
9. Beuran M, Negoi I, Păun S, Runcanu A, Gaspar B, Vartic M. Trauma scores: a review of the literature. Chirurgia (Bucharest, Romania: 1990). 2012;107(3):291-7.
10. Roy N, Gerdin M, Schneider E, Veetil DKK, Khajanchi M, Kumar V, Saha ML, Dharap S, Gupta A, Tomson G. Validation of international trauma scoring systems in urban trauma centres in India. Injury. 2016;47(11):2459-64.
11. Baigi V, Khavandegar A, Yazdi SAM, Salamati P, Zafarghandi M, Rahimi-Movaghar V, Fakharian E, Saeed-Banadaky SH, Hoseinpour V, Sadeghian F. Does a given abbreviated injury scale value in different body regions contribute to the same risks of in-hospital mortality and ICU admission in trauma patients? Front Emerg Med. 2024.
12. Baker SP, o'Neill B, Haddon Jr W, Long WB. The injury severity score: a method for describing patients with multiple injuries and evaluating emergency care. J Trauma. 1974;14(3):187-96.
13. Bolorunduro OB, Villegas C, Oyetunji TA, Haut ER, Stevens KA, Chang DC, Cornwell III E, Efron DT, Haider AH. Validating the injury severity score (ISS) in different populations: ISS predicts mortality better among Hispanics and females. J Surg Res. 2011;166(1):40-4.
14. Champion HR, Sacco WJ, Copes WS, Gann DS, Gennarelli TA, Flanagan ME. A revision of the trauma score. J Trauma . 1989;29(5):623-9.
15. Yousefzadeh-Chabok S, Kazemnejad-Leili E, Kouchakinejad-Eramsadati L, Hosseinpour M, Ranjbar F, Malekpouri R, Mohtasham-Amiri Z. Comparing pediatric trauma, Glasgow coma scale and injury severity scores for mortality prediction in traumatic children. Ulus Travma Acil Cerrahi Derg. 2016;22(4):328-32.
16. Teasdale G, Maas A, Lecky F, Manley G, Stocchetti N, Murray G. The Glasgow coma scale at 40 years: standing the test of time. Lancet Neurol. 2014;13(8):844-54.
17. Jain S, Iverson LM. Glasgow Coma Scale. In: StatPearls. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2023..
18. Ghodsi Z, Movaghar VR, Zafarghandi M, Saadat S, Mohammadzadeh M, Fazel M, et al. The minimum dataset and inclusion criteria for the national trauma registry of Iran: a qualitative study. Archives of Trauma Research. 2017;6(2):7.
19. Sharif-Alhoseini M, Zafarghandi M, Rahimi-Movaghar V, Heidari Z, Naghdi K, Bahrami S, et al. National Trauma Registry of Iran: a pilot phase at a major trauma Center in Tehran. Archives of Iranian Medicine (AIM). 2019;22(6).
20. Abbreviated injury scale. Chicago: Association for Advancement of Automotive Medicine. 2015.
21. Baradaran-Binazir M, Baigi V, Zafarghandi MR, Rahimi-Movaghar V, Khormali M, Salamati P. Comparing epidemiologic features, outcomes, and diagnostic and therapeutic procedures of traumatic patients before and during COVID-19 pandemic: Data from the National Trauma Registry of Iran. Chin J Traumatol. 2023;26(02):68-72.
22. Falls. WHO [Internet]. 26 April 2021. Awailabale at: " https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/falls"
23. Safety CoMAoA. Rating the severity of tissue damage. I. The abbreviated scale. JAMA. 1971;215(2):277-80.
24. Butcher NE, Enninghorst N, Sisak K, Balogh ZJ. The definition of polytrauma: variable interrater versus intrarater agreement—a prospective international study among trauma surgeons. J Trauma. 2013;74(3):884-9.
25. Pape H-C, Lefering R, Butcher N, Peitzman A, Leenen L, Marzi I, et al. The definition of polytrauma revisited: an international consensus process and proposal of the new ‘Berlin definition’. J Trauma. 2014;77(5):780-6.
26. Naalt Jvd. Prediction of outcome in mild to moderate head injury: a review. J Clin Exp Neuropsychol. 2001;23(6):837-51.
27. Yousefifard M, Shahsavarinia K, Faridaalee G, Dinpanah H, Ahmadi S, Safari S. Comparison of Glasgow coma scale with physiologic scoring scales in prediction of in-hospital outcome of trauma patients; a diagnostic accuracy study. Front Emerg Med. 2020;4(4):e89.
28. Meheš M, Abdullah F. Global surgery and public health: a new paradigm. American Medical Association. 2011.
29. Saadat S, Yousefifard M, Asady H, Jafari AM, Fayaz M, Hosseini M. The most important causes of death in Iranian population; a retrospective cohort study. Emerg. 2015;3(1):16-21.
30. Mathers CD, Loncar D. Projections of global mortality and burden of disease from 2002 to 2030. PLoS Med. 2006;3(11):e442.
31. Grossman MD, Miller D, Scaff DW, Arcona S. When is an elder old? Effect of preexisting conditions on mortality in geriatric trauma. J Trauma. 2002;52(2):242-6.
32. Bergeron E, Clement J, Lavoie A, Ratte S, Bamvita J-M, Aumont F, et al. A simple fall in the elderly: not so simple. J Trauma. 2006;60(2):268-73.
33. Perdue PW, Watts DD, Kaufmann CR, Trask AL. Differences in mortality between elderly and younger adult trauma patients: geriatric status increases risk of delayed death. J Trauma. 1998;45(4):805-10.
34. Tabatabaei MSHZ, Baigi V, Zafarghandi M, Rahimi-Movaghar V, Daliri S, Mirzamohamadi S, et al. Trauma Profile in Shahroud: an 8-year report of a hospital-based trauma registry. Journal of Research in Health Sciences. 2024;24(1):e00607.
35. Dinh MM, McNamara K, Bein KJ, Roncal S, Barnes EH, McBride K, et al. Effect of the elderly and increasing injury severity on acute hospital resource utilization in a cohort of inner city trauma patients. ANZ J of Surg. 2013;83(1-2):60-4.
36. Aitken LM, Burmeister E, Lang J, Chaboyer W, Richmond TS. Characteristics and outcomes of injured older adults after hospital admission. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2010;58(3):442-9.
37. Global burden of diseases in Iran 2019 [Available from: https://vizhub.healthdata.org/gbd-compare/.
38. World Health Organization. Global status report on road safety 2018 [Internet]. 2018. Available from: https://www.afro.who.int/publications/global-status-report-road-safety-time-action.
39. Rasouli MR, Nouri M, Zarei M-R, Saadat S, Rahimi-Movaghar V. Comparison of road traffic fatalities and injuries in Iran with other countries. Chinese Journal of Traumatology (English Edition). 2008;11(3):131-4.
40. Naghavi M, Abolhassani F, Pourmalek F, Moradi Lakeh M, Jafari N, Vaseghi S, et al. The burden of disease and injury in Iran 2003. Population health metrics. 2009;7(1):1-21.
41. Holtenius J, Berg HE, Enocson A. Musculoskeletal injuries in trauma patients: a Swedish nationwide register study including 37,266 patients. Acta Orthop. 2023;94:171-7.
42. Chang MC, Stewart RM, Rotondo MF, Nathens AB. NTDB Annual Report 2016. Chicago, IL: American College of Surgeons; 2016.
43. Heim C, Bosisio F, Roth A, Bloch J, Borens O, Daniel RT, et al. Is trauma in Switzerland any different? epidemiology and patterns of injury in major trauma-a 5-year review from a Swiss trauma centre. Swiss medical weekly. 2014;144.
44. Pouraghaei M, Sadeghpour A, Moharamzadeh P, Ala A, Asl MMB. Epidemiological study of trauma patients referred from Imam Reza trauma center to Shohada orthopedic center in Tabriz, Iran, during 2015. J Anal Res Clin Med. 2017;5(2):33-7.
45. Aydın ŞA, Bulut M, Özgüç H, Ercan İ, Türkmen N, Eren B, et al. Should new injury severity score replace injury severity score in trauma and injury severity score? Turkish Journal of Trauma and Emergency Surgery. 2008;14(4):308-12.
46. Mommsen P, Zeckey C, Andruszkow H, Weidemann J, Frömke C, Puljic P, et alF. Comparison of different thoracic trauma scoring systems in regards to prediction of post-traumatic complications and outcome in blunt chest trauma. J Surg Res. 2012;176(1):239-47.
47. Staff T, Eken T, Wik L, Røislien J, Søvik S. Physiologic, demographic and mechanistic factors predicting new injury severity score (NISS) in motor vehicle accident victims. Injury. 2014;45(1):9-15.
48. Lefering R. Trauma scoring systems. Current opinion in critical care. 2012;18(6):637-40.
49. Khari S, Zandi M, Yousefifard M. Glasgow coma scale versus physiologic scoring systems in predicting the outcome of ICU admitted trauma patients; a diagnostic accuracy study. Arch Acad Emerg Med. 2022;10(1):e25.
50. El-Sarnagawy GN, Hafez AS. Comparison of different scores as predictors of mechanical ventilation in drug overdose patients. Hum Exp Toxicol. 2017;36(6):539-46.
51. Ariaka H, Kiryabwire J, Hussein S, Ogwal A, Nkonge E, Oyania F. A comparison of the predictive value of the Glasgow coma scale and the Kampala trauma score for mortality and length of hospital stay in head injury patients at a tertiary hospital in Uganda: a diagnostic prospective study. Surg Res Pract. 2020;2020:1362741.
52. Yadollahi M, Ghaedsharaf Z, Jamali K, Niakan MH, Pazhuheian F, Karajizadeh M. The accuracy of GAP and MGAP scoring systems in predicting mortality in trauma; a diagnostic accuracy study. Front Emerg Med. 2019;4(3):e73.
53. Soni KD, Mahindrakar S, Gupta A, Kumar S, Sagar S, Jhakal A. Comparison of ISS, NISS, and RTS score as predictor of mortality in pediatric fall. Burns Trauma. 2017;5:25.
54. Höke MH, Usul E, Özkan S. Comparison of trauma severity scores (ISS, NISS, RTS, BIG Score, and TRISS) in multiple trauma patients. J Trauma Nurs. 2021;28(2):100-6.
55. Papadimitriou-Olivgeris M, Panteli E, Koutsileou K, Boulovana M, Zotou A, Marangos M, et al. Predictors of mortality of trauma patients admitted to the ICU: a retrospective observational study. Braz J Anesthesiol. 2021;71(1):23-30.
56. Yadollahi M, Kashkooe A, Rezaiee R, Jamali K, Niakan MH. A comparative study of injury severity scales as predictors of mortality in trauma patients: which scale is the best? Bull Emerg Trauma. 2020;8(1):27-33.
57. Huang Y-T, Huang Y-H, Hsieh C-H, Li C-J, Chiu I-M. Comparison of injury severity score, Glasgow coma scale, and revised trauma score in predicting the mortality and prolonged ICU stay of traumatic young children: a cross-sectional retrospective study. Emerg Med Int. 2019;2019:5453624.
2. Alberdi F, García I, Atutxa L, Zabarte M, de Trauma GdT, de SEMICYUC N. Epidemiología del trauma grave. Medicina Intensiva. 2014;38(9):580-8.
3. Haagsma JA, Graetz N, Bolliger I, Naghavi M, Higashi H, Mullany EC, Abera SF, Abraham JP, Adofo K, Alsharif U. The global burden of injury: incidence, mortality, disability-adjusted life years and time trends from the global burden of disease study 2013. Inj Prev. 2016;22(1):3-18.
4. Beerekamp M, de Muinck Keizer R, Schep N, Ubbink D, Panneman M, Goslings J. Epidemiology of extremity fractures in the Netherlands. Injury. 2017;48(7):1355-62.
5. Khavandegar A, Baigi V, Zafarghandi M, Rahimi-Movaghar V, Farahmand-Rad R, Piri S-M, Hassan Zadeh Tabatabaei MS, Naghdi K, Salamati P. Which demographic and clinical characteristics can better predict the length of hospital stay among traumatic patients? a retrospective single-center, registry-based study. Medical Journal of The Islamic Republic of Iran (MJIRI). 2024;38(1):111-7.
6. Tabatabaei MSHZ, Baigi V, Zafarghandi M, Rahimi-Movaghar V, Hasanloei MAV, Piri SM, Khavandegar A, Naghdi K, Salamati P. Epidemiology of injuries among patients admitted to Imam Khomeini Hospital, Urmia, affiliated with the national trauma registry of Iran. Front Emerg Med. 2024;8(1):e5-e.
7. Javali RH, Patil A, Srinivasarangan M. Comparison of injury severity score, new injury severity score, revised trauma score and trauma and injury severity score for mortality prediction in elderly trauma patients. Indian J Crit Care Med. 2019;23(2):73.
8. Khavandegar A, Salamati P, Zafarghandi M, Rahimi-Movaghar V, Sharif-Alhoseini M, Fakharian E, Saeed-Banadaky SH, Hoseinpour V, Sadeghian F, Nasr Isfahani M. Comparison of nine trauma scoring systems in prediction of inhospital outcomes of pediatric trauma patients: a multicenter study. Sci Rep. 2024;14(1):7646.
9. Beuran M, Negoi I, Păun S, Runcanu A, Gaspar B, Vartic M. Trauma scores: a review of the literature. Chirurgia (Bucharest, Romania: 1990). 2012;107(3):291-7.
10. Roy N, Gerdin M, Schneider E, Veetil DKK, Khajanchi M, Kumar V, Saha ML, Dharap S, Gupta A, Tomson G. Validation of international trauma scoring systems in urban trauma centres in India. Injury. 2016;47(11):2459-64.
11. Baigi V, Khavandegar A, Yazdi SAM, Salamati P, Zafarghandi M, Rahimi-Movaghar V, Fakharian E, Saeed-Banadaky SH, Hoseinpour V, Sadeghian F. Does a given abbreviated injury scale value in different body regions contribute to the same risks of in-hospital mortality and ICU admission in trauma patients? Front Emerg Med. 2024.
12. Baker SP, o'Neill B, Haddon Jr W, Long WB. The injury severity score: a method for describing patients with multiple injuries and evaluating emergency care. J Trauma. 1974;14(3):187-96.
13. Bolorunduro OB, Villegas C, Oyetunji TA, Haut ER, Stevens KA, Chang DC, Cornwell III E, Efron DT, Haider AH. Validating the injury severity score (ISS) in different populations: ISS predicts mortality better among Hispanics and females. J Surg Res. 2011;166(1):40-4.
14. Champion HR, Sacco WJ, Copes WS, Gann DS, Gennarelli TA, Flanagan ME. A revision of the trauma score. J Trauma . 1989;29(5):623-9.
15. Yousefzadeh-Chabok S, Kazemnejad-Leili E, Kouchakinejad-Eramsadati L, Hosseinpour M, Ranjbar F, Malekpouri R, Mohtasham-Amiri Z. Comparing pediatric trauma, Glasgow coma scale and injury severity scores for mortality prediction in traumatic children. Ulus Travma Acil Cerrahi Derg. 2016;22(4):328-32.
16. Teasdale G, Maas A, Lecky F, Manley G, Stocchetti N, Murray G. The Glasgow coma scale at 40 years: standing the test of time. Lancet Neurol. 2014;13(8):844-54.
17. Jain S, Iverson LM. Glasgow Coma Scale. In: StatPearls. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2023..
18. Ghodsi Z, Movaghar VR, Zafarghandi M, Saadat S, Mohammadzadeh M, Fazel M, et al. The minimum dataset and inclusion criteria for the national trauma registry of Iran: a qualitative study. Archives of Trauma Research. 2017;6(2):7.
19. Sharif-Alhoseini M, Zafarghandi M, Rahimi-Movaghar V, Heidari Z, Naghdi K, Bahrami S, et al. National Trauma Registry of Iran: a pilot phase at a major trauma Center in Tehran. Archives of Iranian Medicine (AIM). 2019;22(6).
20. Abbreviated injury scale. Chicago: Association for Advancement of Automotive Medicine. 2015.
21. Baradaran-Binazir M, Baigi V, Zafarghandi MR, Rahimi-Movaghar V, Khormali M, Salamati P. Comparing epidemiologic features, outcomes, and diagnostic and therapeutic procedures of traumatic patients before and during COVID-19 pandemic: Data from the National Trauma Registry of Iran. Chin J Traumatol. 2023;26(02):68-72.
22. Falls. WHO [Internet]. 26 April 2021. Awailabale at: " https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/falls"
23. Safety CoMAoA. Rating the severity of tissue damage. I. The abbreviated scale. JAMA. 1971;215(2):277-80.
24. Butcher NE, Enninghorst N, Sisak K, Balogh ZJ. The definition of polytrauma: variable interrater versus intrarater agreement—a prospective international study among trauma surgeons. J Trauma. 2013;74(3):884-9.
25. Pape H-C, Lefering R, Butcher N, Peitzman A, Leenen L, Marzi I, et al. The definition of polytrauma revisited: an international consensus process and proposal of the new ‘Berlin definition’. J Trauma. 2014;77(5):780-6.
26. Naalt Jvd. Prediction of outcome in mild to moderate head injury: a review. J Clin Exp Neuropsychol. 2001;23(6):837-51.
27. Yousefifard M, Shahsavarinia K, Faridaalee G, Dinpanah H, Ahmadi S, Safari S. Comparison of Glasgow coma scale with physiologic scoring scales in prediction of in-hospital outcome of trauma patients; a diagnostic accuracy study. Front Emerg Med. 2020;4(4):e89.
28. Meheš M, Abdullah F. Global surgery and public health: a new paradigm. American Medical Association. 2011.
29. Saadat S, Yousefifard M, Asady H, Jafari AM, Fayaz M, Hosseini M. The most important causes of death in Iranian population; a retrospective cohort study. Emerg. 2015;3(1):16-21.
30. Mathers CD, Loncar D. Projections of global mortality and burden of disease from 2002 to 2030. PLoS Med. 2006;3(11):e442.
31. Grossman MD, Miller D, Scaff DW, Arcona S. When is an elder old? Effect of preexisting conditions on mortality in geriatric trauma. J Trauma. 2002;52(2):242-6.
32. Bergeron E, Clement J, Lavoie A, Ratte S, Bamvita J-M, Aumont F, et al. A simple fall in the elderly: not so simple. J Trauma. 2006;60(2):268-73.
33. Perdue PW, Watts DD, Kaufmann CR, Trask AL. Differences in mortality between elderly and younger adult trauma patients: geriatric status increases risk of delayed death. J Trauma. 1998;45(4):805-10.
34. Tabatabaei MSHZ, Baigi V, Zafarghandi M, Rahimi-Movaghar V, Daliri S, Mirzamohamadi S, et al. Trauma Profile in Shahroud: an 8-year report of a hospital-based trauma registry. Journal of Research in Health Sciences. 2024;24(1):e00607.
35. Dinh MM, McNamara K, Bein KJ, Roncal S, Barnes EH, McBride K, et al. Effect of the elderly and increasing injury severity on acute hospital resource utilization in a cohort of inner city trauma patients. ANZ J of Surg. 2013;83(1-2):60-4.
36. Aitken LM, Burmeister E, Lang J, Chaboyer W, Richmond TS. Characteristics and outcomes of injured older adults after hospital admission. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2010;58(3):442-9.
37. Global burden of diseases in Iran 2019 [Available from: https://vizhub.healthdata.org/gbd-compare/.
38. World Health Organization. Global status report on road safety 2018 [Internet]. 2018. Available from: https://www.afro.who.int/publications/global-status-report-road-safety-time-action.
39. Rasouli MR, Nouri M, Zarei M-R, Saadat S, Rahimi-Movaghar V. Comparison of road traffic fatalities and injuries in Iran with other countries. Chinese Journal of Traumatology (English Edition). 2008;11(3):131-4.
40. Naghavi M, Abolhassani F, Pourmalek F, Moradi Lakeh M, Jafari N, Vaseghi S, et al. The burden of disease and injury in Iran 2003. Population health metrics. 2009;7(1):1-21.
41. Holtenius J, Berg HE, Enocson A. Musculoskeletal injuries in trauma patients: a Swedish nationwide register study including 37,266 patients. Acta Orthop. 2023;94:171-7.
42. Chang MC, Stewart RM, Rotondo MF, Nathens AB. NTDB Annual Report 2016. Chicago, IL: American College of Surgeons; 2016.
43. Heim C, Bosisio F, Roth A, Bloch J, Borens O, Daniel RT, et al. Is trauma in Switzerland any different? epidemiology and patterns of injury in major trauma-a 5-year review from a Swiss trauma centre. Swiss medical weekly. 2014;144.
44. Pouraghaei M, Sadeghpour A, Moharamzadeh P, Ala A, Asl MMB. Epidemiological study of trauma patients referred from Imam Reza trauma center to Shohada orthopedic center in Tabriz, Iran, during 2015. J Anal Res Clin Med. 2017;5(2):33-7.
45. Aydın ŞA, Bulut M, Özgüç H, Ercan İ, Türkmen N, Eren B, et al. Should new injury severity score replace injury severity score in trauma and injury severity score? Turkish Journal of Trauma and Emergency Surgery. 2008;14(4):308-12.
46. Mommsen P, Zeckey C, Andruszkow H, Weidemann J, Frömke C, Puljic P, et alF. Comparison of different thoracic trauma scoring systems in regards to prediction of post-traumatic complications and outcome in blunt chest trauma. J Surg Res. 2012;176(1):239-47.
47. Staff T, Eken T, Wik L, Røislien J, Søvik S. Physiologic, demographic and mechanistic factors predicting new injury severity score (NISS) in motor vehicle accident victims. Injury. 2014;45(1):9-15.
48. Lefering R. Trauma scoring systems. Current opinion in critical care. 2012;18(6):637-40.
49. Khari S, Zandi M, Yousefifard M. Glasgow coma scale versus physiologic scoring systems in predicting the outcome of ICU admitted trauma patients; a diagnostic accuracy study. Arch Acad Emerg Med. 2022;10(1):e25.
50. El-Sarnagawy GN, Hafez AS. Comparison of different scores as predictors of mechanical ventilation in drug overdose patients. Hum Exp Toxicol. 2017;36(6):539-46.
51. Ariaka H, Kiryabwire J, Hussein S, Ogwal A, Nkonge E, Oyania F. A comparison of the predictive value of the Glasgow coma scale and the Kampala trauma score for mortality and length of hospital stay in head injury patients at a tertiary hospital in Uganda: a diagnostic prospective study. Surg Res Pract. 2020;2020:1362741.
52. Yadollahi M, Ghaedsharaf Z, Jamali K, Niakan MH, Pazhuheian F, Karajizadeh M. The accuracy of GAP and MGAP scoring systems in predicting mortality in trauma; a diagnostic accuracy study. Front Emerg Med. 2019;4(3):e73.
53. Soni KD, Mahindrakar S, Gupta A, Kumar S, Sagar S, Jhakal A. Comparison of ISS, NISS, and RTS score as predictor of mortality in pediatric fall. Burns Trauma. 2017;5:25.
54. Höke MH, Usul E, Özkan S. Comparison of trauma severity scores (ISS, NISS, RTS, BIG Score, and TRISS) in multiple trauma patients. J Trauma Nurs. 2021;28(2):100-6.
55. Papadimitriou-Olivgeris M, Panteli E, Koutsileou K, Boulovana M, Zotou A, Marangos M, et al. Predictors of mortality of trauma patients admitted to the ICU: a retrospective observational study. Braz J Anesthesiol. 2021;71(1):23-30.
56. Yadollahi M, Kashkooe A, Rezaiee R, Jamali K, Niakan MH. A comparative study of injury severity scales as predictors of mortality in trauma patients: which scale is the best? Bull Emerg Trauma. 2020;8(1):27-33.
57. Huang Y-T, Huang Y-H, Hsieh C-H, Li C-J, Chiu I-M. Comparison of injury severity score, Glasgow coma scale, and revised trauma score in predicting the mortality and prolonged ICU stay of traumatic young children: a cross-sectional retrospective study. Emerg Med Int. 2019;2019:5453624.
| Files | ||
| Issue | Vol 8 No 3 (2024): Summer (July) | |
| Section | Original article | |
| DOI | 10.18502/fem.v8i3.16329 | |
| Keywords | ||
| Glasgow Coma Scale Multiple Trauma Patient Outcome Assessment Prediction Model Severity Scores Trauma Registry Wound and Injuries | ||
| Rights and permissions | |
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This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License. |
How to Cite
1.
Khavandegar A, Baigi V, Zafarghandi M, Rahimi-Movaghar V, Fakharian E, Saeed-Banadaky SH, Hoseinpour V, Sadeghi-Bazargani H, Zolfaghari Sadrabad A, daliri S, Nasr Isfahani M, Rahmanian V, Hemmat morteza, Aali R, Kogani M, Pourmasjedi sobhan, Piri SM, Mirzamohamadi S, Hassan zadeh Tabatabaei MS, Naghdi K, Salamati P. Utilizing injury severity score, Glasgow coma scale, and revised trauma score for trauma-related in-hospital mortality and ICU admission prediction; originated from 7-year results of a nationwide multicenter registry. Front Emerg Med. 2024;8(3):e22.
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