Personal Protective Equipment for Protecting Healthcare Staff during COVID-19 Outbreak: A Narrative Review
Abstract
Context: The World Health Organization (WHO) declared a pandemic state as the coronavirus spread across the world. Personal protective equipment (PPE) has become a critical subject during the COVID-19 outbreak. It is necessary to prevent coronavirus transmission to healthcare workers (HCWs) as providing care. They are at high risk of exposure to coronavirus. The aim of this study was to provide a brief review of some routes of transmission of COVID-19, what, when and why PPE is recommended base on the route of transmission.
Evidence acquisition: In this review, articles were extracted from the Google Scholar, Scopus, Web of Science, and PubMed search engines. The main keywords for search were coronavirus, COVID-19, personal protective PPE, healthcare, transmission, contact, and protect.
Results: Findings showed the COVID-19 transmission rate in the HCWs that wore PPE significantly decreased. All HCWs must use appropriate and adequate PPE in order to minimize the COVID-19 transmission.
Conclusion: Although still uncertainty remains around COVID-19 transmission and it is early to have conclusion on its prevention, most of recommendations and guidance have emphasized to apply the PPE during COVID-19 outbreak among HCWs.
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ADVANCED JOURNAL OF EMERGENCY MEDICINE. 2020;4(2s):e61 Kalantary et al
Copyright © 2020 Tehran University of Medical Sciences 6
This open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial 4.0 License (CC BY-NC 4.0).
18. Tran K, Cimon K, Severn M, Pessoa-Silva CL, Conly J. Aerosol generating procedures and risk of
transmission of acute respiratory infections to healthcare workers: a systematic review. PLoS One.
2012;7(4):e35797.
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ensembles for dust source modeling and prediction. Atmos Environ. 2020;224:117320.
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healthcare settings for the care of patients with suspected or confirmed novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV)
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emission of respirable pathogens. J Occup Environ Hyg. 2005:2:143-54.
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guidance for acute healthcare settings. [Accessed 7 Feb 2020; cited 18 Mar 2020]. Available from:
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lications-data/guidance-wearing-and-removing-personal-protectiv e-equipment-healthcare-settings.
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infection. JAMA. 2020;Epub ahead of print.
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criteria for confirmed COVID-19 cases – When is it safe to discharge COVID-19 cases from the hospital or
end home isolation? [Accessed 10 Mar 2020; cited 30 Mar 2020]. Available from:
https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/sites/default/files/documents/COVID-19-Discharge-criteria.pdf
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non healthcare settings potentially contaminated with SARS-CoV-2 Stockholm: ECDC. [Accessed 1 Mar
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reduce the spread of respiratory viruses: systematic review. BMJ. 2009;339:b3675.
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confirmed cases of novel coronavirus (nCoV) infection: interim guidance, [Accessed 30 Jan 2020; cited 2
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Authority. Effectiveness of precautions against droplets and contact in prevention of nosocomial
transmission of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS). Lancet. 2003;361(9368):1519-20.
ADVANCED JOURNAL OF EMERGENCY MEDICINE. 2020;4(2s):e61 Kalantary et al
Copyright © 2020 Tehran University of Medical Sciences 7
This open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial 4.0 License (CC BY-NC 4.0).
34. Chung JS, Ling ML, Seto WH, Peng Ang BS, Tambyah PA. Debate on MERS-CoV respiratory precautions:
surgical mask or N95 respirators? Singapore Med J. 2014;55(6):294-7.
35. Nickell LA, Crighton EJ, Tracy CS, Al-Enazy H, Bolaji Y, Hanjrah S, et al. Psychosocial effects of SARS on
hospital staff: survey of a large tertiary care institution. CMAJ. 2004;170(5):793-8.
36. Love RG. Acceptable breathing resistance for respirator use. J Int Soc Respir Protection. 1983;1:45-66.
37. Kao TW. The physiological impact of N95 masks on medical staff. (online).2006.
38. Lim EC, Seet RC, Lee KH, Wilder-Smith EP, Chuah BY, Ong BK. Headaches and the N95 face-mask
amongst healthcare providers. Acta Neurol Scand. 2006;113(3):199-202.
39. Rebmann T, Carrico R, Wang J. Physiologic and other effects and compliance with long-term respirator
use among medical intensive care unit nurses. Am J Infect Control. 2013; 41:1218-23.
40. Jonathan JY Ong, Chandra Bharatendu, Yihui Goh, Jonathan ZY Tang, Kenneth WX Sooi,Yi Lin Tan, et
al. Headaches Associated With Personal Protective Equipment - A Cross-Sectional Study Among Frontline
Healthcare Workers During COVID-19. Headache. 2020;Epub ahead of print.
41. Health Protection Agency, United Kingdom. Infection Control Advice: Possible or Confirmed MERSCoV Cases: Version 2.0 [Accessed 13 Jan 2014; cited 2 Apr 2020]. Available from:
http://www.hpa.org.uk/webc/HPAwebFile/HPAweb_C/1317136232722.
42. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Interim Infection Prevention and Control
Recommendations for Hospitalised Patients with Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (MERSCoV) [Accessed 13 Feb 2014; cited 5Apr 2020]. Available from: http://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/mers/inf
ection-prevention-control.html.
43. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Interim guidance on infection control measures for 2009
H1N1 influenza in healthcare settings, including protection of healthcare personnel. [Accessed 13 Feb
2014;cited 10 Apr 2020]. Available from: http://www.cdc.gov/h1n1flu/guidelines_infection_control.html.
44. The National Academies. IOM recommends N95 respirators to protect health care workers from H1N1
flu. [Accessed 13 Feb 2014; cited 11Apr 2020]. Available from: http://www.nationalacademies.org/onpine
wsitem.aspx?RecordID=12748.
45. Loeb M, Dafoe N, Mahony J, John M, Sarabia A, Glavin V, et al. Surgical masks vs. N95 respiratory for
preventing influenza among health care workers: a randomised trial. JAMA. 2009;302(17):1865-71.
46. World Health Organization. Clinical management of severe acute respiratory infection when novel
coronavirus (nCoV) infection is suspected. [Accessed 26 Mar 2014; cited 7 Apr 2020]. Available from:
https://www.who.int/publications-detail/clinical-management-of-severe-acute-respiratory-infectionwhen-novel-coronavirus-(ncov) infection-is-suspected.
47. Jessica J Bartoszko, Mohammed Abdul Malik Farooqi, Waleed Alhazzani, Mark Loeb., Medical Masks
vs N95 Respirators for Preventing COVID-19 in Health Care workers A Systematic Review and MetaAnalysis of Randomized Trials. Influenza Other Respir Viruses. 2020;Epub ahead of print.
48. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Interim Infection Prevention and Control
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Healthcare Settings [Updated 13 Apr 202; cited 12 Apr 2020]. Available from: http://www.cdc.gov.corona
virus/2019-ncov/infection-control/control-recommendations.html.
49. Kangqi Ng, Beng Hoong Poon, Troy Hai Kiat Puar, Jessica Li Shan Quah, Wann Jia Loh, Yu Jun Wong, et
al. COVID-19 and the Risk to Health Care Workers: A Case Report. Ann Intern Med. 2020;Epub ahead of
print.
50. Wang X, Pan Z, Cheng Z. Association between 2019-nCoV transmission and N95 respirator use.
medRxiv. 2020;Epub ahead of print.
51. Verbeek JH, Rajamaki B, Ijaz S, Sauni R, Toomey E, Blackwood B, et al. Personal protective equipment
for preventing highly infectious diseases due to exposure to contaminated body fluids in healthcare staff.
Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2016;4:CD011621
ADVANCED JOURNAL OF EMERGENCY MEDICINE. 2020;4(2s):e61 Kalantary et al
Copyright © 2020 Tehran University of Medical Sciences 8
This open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial 4.0 License (CC BY-NC 4.0).
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| Files | ||
| Issue | Vol 4 No 2s (2020): COVID-19 | |
| Section | Review article | |
| Keywords | ||
| COVID-19 Coronavirus Health Personnel Personal Protective Equipment | ||
| Rights and permissions | |
|
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License. |
How to Cite
1.
Kalantary S, Khadem M, Golbabaei F. Personal Protective Equipment for Protecting Healthcare Staff during COVID-19 Outbreak: A Narrative Review. Front Emerg Med. 2020;4(2s):e61.
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