Road traffic accidents and injuries, 2018: a multi-centric epidemiological study from India
Road Traffic Accidents and Injuries in India
-
Yogita Sharma
,
Ponnaiah Manickam
,
Kamalabai R John
,
Jugal Kishore
,
Daya K Mangal
,
Rajesh Singh
,
Ashish Joshi
,
Bontha V Babu
Abstract
Objective: Road traffic injuries (RTIs) have been recognized globally as an important public health problem. Effective road safety initiatives should address the traffic system as a whole to find a solution and look at the traffic system as a collective to discuss interactions between vehicles, road users and road infrastructure. Therefore, epidemiological data from different geographies of the country should be available. Hence, an electronic-based comprehensive and integrated RTI surveillance system was established in five centres located across the country to assess the burden of RTIs, including the outcome. Methods: This paper is a cross-sectional multi-centric study conducted using an electronic-based comprehensive and integrated RTI surveillance system. Results: A total of 15,319 participants were enrolled under the surveillance of road traffic events for a period of one year. Self-fall/skid was the most common (34.87%) type of accident, followed by a crash between two vehicles (25.77%) and a crash with a pedestrian (16.59%). Among them, 88.94% were the injured, who were alive with or without rehabilitation, and 673 (4.43%) were dead. Mostly, two-wheelers (geared or non-geared) were involved in the accident as they shared a significant portion (75.54%) of the total accidents. Conclusion: The study highlights the epidemiological issues related to road accidents and RTIs that need to be addressed in order to find appropriate solutions for reducing the RTI burden. It gives an understanding of the manner of trauma, the pattern of injuries, and the outcome of road traffic accidents required to adopt efficient preventive and comprehensive trauma care.
1. World health organization. Global status report on road safety; 2023. Ministry of Road Transport and Highways. National road safety policy. Government of India, 2023. Geneva. Available at: https://iris.who.int/bitstream/handle/10665/375016/9789240086517-eng.pdf?sequence=1. Accessed July 3, 2023.
2. World Health Organization. Road traffic injuries, WHO fact sheet; 2023. Geneva, Switzerland: world health organization; 2023. Available at: https://www.who.int/health-topics/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/road-traffic-injuries. Accessed July 3, 2023.
3. National crime records bureau. Accidental deaths & suicides in India. 2022. New Delhi: national crime records bureau, Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India; 2022. Available at: https://ncrb.gov.in/uploads/files/AccidentalDeathsSuicidesinIndia2022v2.pdf. Accessed June 28, 2024.
4. Government of India. Ministry of road transport and highways – road safety 2019. Available at: https://morth.nic.in/road-safety . Accessed June 28, 2024.
5. Al-Aamri AK, Padmadas S, Zhang LC, Al-Maniri A. Disentangling age–gender interactions associated with risks of fatal and non-fatal road traffic injuries in the Sultanate of Oman. BMJ Glob Health. 2017;2:e000394.
6. Guo-hui Y. Speed limit and traffic safety. J Jilin Inst Archit Civil. 2007.
7. Tan H, Zhang J, Feng J, Li F. Vehicle speed measurement for accident scene investigation. 2010 IEEE 7th international conference on e-business engineering. 2010:389-92.
8. Babu BV, Sharma Y. Health systems research initiative to tackle growing road traffic injuries in India.J Emerg Pract Trauma. 2019;5(1):2-7.
9. World health organization. Regional office for Europe. (1975). The epidemiology of road traffic accidents: report on a conference, Vienna, 4-7 November 1975. Availabe at: https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/272696.
10. Bhalla K, Khurana N, Bose D, Navaratne KV, Tiwari G, Mohan D. Official government statistics of road traffic deaths in India under-represent pedestrians and motorised two wheeler riders. Inj Prev. 2017;23(1):1-7.
11. Nakahara S, Wakai S. Underreporting of traffic injuries involving children in Japan. Inj Prev. 2001;7(3):242-4.
12. Younis MW, Batool Z, Bukhari M, Rehman Z, Shahzad S, Rehman A, et al. Pattern of underreporting of road traffic injuries (RTIs): an investigation of missing burden of RTIs in Pakistan. J Transp Health. 2019;14:100575.
13. Nepal S, Gupta SG, Wong EG, Gurung S, Swaroop M, Kushner A, et al. Burden of road traffic injuries in Nepal: results of a countrywide population-based survey. Lancet. 2015;385.
14. WHO. Data systems: a road safety manual for decision-makers and practitioners. 2010. World health organization, Geneva, Switzerland.
15. Babu BV, John KR, Manickam P, Kishore J, Singh R, Mangal DK, Joshi A, Bairwa M, Sharma Y. Development and implementation of integrated road traffic injuries surveillance–India (IRIS-India): a protocol. Adv J Emerg Med. 2020;4(2):e35.
16. Babu BV, Vishwanathan K, Ramesh A, Gupta A, Tiwari S, Palatty BU, Sharma Y. Trauma care in India: capacity assessment survey from five centers. J Surg Res. 2020;252:156-68.
17. Stewart B, Quansah R, Gyedu A, Boakye G, Abantanga F, Ankomah J, et al. Serial assessment of trauma care capacity in Ghana in 2004 and 2014. JAMA Surg. 2016;151(2):164-71.
18. Wong EG, Gupta S, Deckelbaum DL, Razek T, Kamara TB, Nwomeh BC, et al. The international assessment of capacity for trauma (INTACT): an index for trauma capacity in low-income countries. J Surg Res. 2014;190(2):522-7.
19. Dagal A, Greer S, Mccunn M. International disparities in trauma care. Curr Opin Anaesthesiol. 2014;27(2):233-9.
20. Jagnoor J. Road traffic injury prevention: a public health challenge. Indian J Community Med 2006;31(3):129–131.
21. Gururaj G, Uthkarsh PS, Rao GN, Jayaram AN, Panduranganath V. Burden, pattern and outcomes of road traffic injuries in a rural district of India. Int J Inj Contr Saf Promot. 2016;23(1):64-71.
22. Harna B, Arya S, Bahl A. Epidemiology of trauma patients admitted to a trauma center in New Delhi, India. Indian J Crit Care Med. 2020;24(12):1193-7.
23. Kumar S, Srivastava DK, Kharya P, Sachan N, Kiran K. Analysis of risk factors contributing to road traffic accidents in a tertiary care hospital. A hospital based cross-sectional study. Chin J Traumatol. 2020;23(03):159-62.
24. Charitaki S, Pervanidou P, Tsiantis J, Chrousos G, Kolaitis G. Post-traumatic stress reactions in young victims of road traffic accidents. Eur J Psychotraumatol. 2017;8.
25. Serinken M, Ozen M. Characteristics of injuries due to traffic accidents in the pediatric age group. Ulus Travma Acil Cerrahi Derg. 2011;17(3):243-7.
26. Brockamp T, Schmucker U, Lefering R, Mutschler M, Driessen A, Probst C, Bouillon B, Koenen P. Comparison of transportation related injury mechanisms and outcome of young road users and adult road users, a retrospective analysis on 24,373 patients derived from the Trauma Register DGU®. Scand J Trauma ResuscEmerg Med. 2017;25:57.
27. Howley IW, Gupta S, Tetali S, Josyula LK, Wadhwaniya S, Gururaj G, Rao M, Hyder AA. Epidemiology of road traffic injury patients presenting to a tertiary hospital in Hyderabad, India. Surgery. 2017;162(6):S77-84.
28. Goel R. Modelling of road traffic fatalities in India. Accid Anal Prev. 2018;112:105-15.
29. Elslande P, Fournier J-Y, Parraud C. Powered two-wheelers in urban environment: a detailed accident analysis. Int J Saf Secur Eng. 2015;5(4):322-35.
30. Latorre G, Bertazzoni G, Zotta D, van Beeck E, Ricciardi G. Epidemiology of accidents among users of two-wheeled motor vehicles. a surveillance study in two Italian cities. Eur J Public Health. 2002;12(2):99-103.
31. Yannis G, Antoniou C, Evgenikos P, Papantoniou P, Kirk A. Characteristics and causes of power two wheeler accidents in Europe. Procedia Soc Behav Sci. 2012;48:1535-44.
32. Singh D, Singh SP, Kumaran M, Goel S. Epidemiology of road traffic accident deaths in children in Chandigarh zone of North West India. Egyptian journal of forensic sciences. 2016;6(3):255-60.
33. Tränkle U, Gelau C, Metker T. Risk perception and age-specific accidents of young drivers. Accid Anal Prev. 1990;22(2):119-25.
34. Martin JL, Lafont S, Chiron M, Gadegbeku B, Laumon B. Différences entre les hommes et les femmes face au risque routier [Differences between males and females in traffic accident risk in France]. Rev Epidemiol Sante Publique. 2004;52(4):357-67.
35. Bener A, Crundall D. Role of gender and driver behaviour in road traffic crashes. Int J Crashworthiness. 2008;13:331-6.
36. Laapotti S, Keskinen E. Has the difference in accident patterns between male and female drivers changed between 1984 and 2000?. Accid Anal Prev. 2004;36(4):577-84.
37. Valent F, Schiava F, Savonitto C, Gallo T, Brusaferro S, Barbone F. Risk factors for fatal road traffic accidents in Udine, Italy. Accid Anal Prev. 2002;34(1):71-84.
38. Gururaj G. Road traffic deaths, injuries and disabilities in India: current scenario. Natl Med J India. 2008;21(1):14-20.
39. Mohan D, Tiwari G, Bhalla K. Road safety in India: status report 2019. New Delhi: Transportation Research & Injury Prevention Programme, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, 2020. Available at: www.iitd.ac.in/-tripp. Accessed 14 April 2023.
40. Hong I, Iwasaki M, Furuichi T, Kadoma T. Eye movement and driving behaviour in curved section passages of an urban motorway. Proc Inst Mech Eng D J Automob Eng. 2006;220:1319-31.
41. Novikov I, Degtyar A, Lazarev D, Zagorodniy N, Makhonin V. A new approach to the study of complex vehicle movement during road transport expertise. E3S Web Conf. 2023.
42. Ni M. Study on mechanical effect of the vehicle at corners. In: 4th International Conference on Mechatronics, Materials, Chemistry and Computer Engineering (ICMMCCE 2015); 2015.
43. Singh S. Road traffic accidents in India: issues and challenges. Transportation Research Procedia. 2017;25:4708-19.
44. Garg N, Hyder A. Exploring the relationship between development and road traffic injuries: a case study from India. Eur J Public Health. 2006;16(5):487-91.
45. Ruikar M. National statistics of road traffic accidents in India. J Orthop Traumatol Rehabil. 2013;6:1-6.
46. Rajasekaran RB, Rajasekaran S, Vaishya R. The role of social advocacy in reducing road traffic accidents in India. J Clin Orthop Trauma. 2021;12(1):2-3.
47. Nantulya V, Reich M. The neglected epidemic: road traffic injuries in developing countries. BMJ. 2002;324:1139-41.
48. Sobngwi-Tambekou J, Bhatti J, Kounga G, Salmi L, Lagarde E. Road traffic crashes on the Yaoundé-Douala road section, Cameroon. Accid Anal Prev. 2010;42(2):422-6.
49. Pratte D. Road to ruin: road traffic accidents in the developing world. NEXUS: The Canadian Student Journal of Anthropology. 1998;13.
50. Khanal A, Sarkar P. Road safety in developing countries. J Civil Environ Eng. 2016;2014:1-8.
2. World Health Organization. Road traffic injuries, WHO fact sheet; 2023. Geneva, Switzerland: world health organization; 2023. Available at: https://www.who.int/health-topics/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/road-traffic-injuries. Accessed July 3, 2023.
3. National crime records bureau. Accidental deaths & suicides in India. 2022. New Delhi: national crime records bureau, Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India; 2022. Available at: https://ncrb.gov.in/uploads/files/AccidentalDeathsSuicidesinIndia2022v2.pdf. Accessed June 28, 2024.
4. Government of India. Ministry of road transport and highways – road safety 2019. Available at: https://morth.nic.in/road-safety . Accessed June 28, 2024.
5. Al-Aamri AK, Padmadas S, Zhang LC, Al-Maniri A. Disentangling age–gender interactions associated with risks of fatal and non-fatal road traffic injuries in the Sultanate of Oman. BMJ Glob Health. 2017;2:e000394.
6. Guo-hui Y. Speed limit and traffic safety. J Jilin Inst Archit Civil. 2007.
7. Tan H, Zhang J, Feng J, Li F. Vehicle speed measurement for accident scene investigation. 2010 IEEE 7th international conference on e-business engineering. 2010:389-92.
8. Babu BV, Sharma Y. Health systems research initiative to tackle growing road traffic injuries in India.J Emerg Pract Trauma. 2019;5(1):2-7.
9. World health organization. Regional office for Europe. (1975). The epidemiology of road traffic accidents: report on a conference, Vienna, 4-7 November 1975. Availabe at: https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/272696.
10. Bhalla K, Khurana N, Bose D, Navaratne KV, Tiwari G, Mohan D. Official government statistics of road traffic deaths in India under-represent pedestrians and motorised two wheeler riders. Inj Prev. 2017;23(1):1-7.
11. Nakahara S, Wakai S. Underreporting of traffic injuries involving children in Japan. Inj Prev. 2001;7(3):242-4.
12. Younis MW, Batool Z, Bukhari M, Rehman Z, Shahzad S, Rehman A, et al. Pattern of underreporting of road traffic injuries (RTIs): an investigation of missing burden of RTIs in Pakistan. J Transp Health. 2019;14:100575.
13. Nepal S, Gupta SG, Wong EG, Gurung S, Swaroop M, Kushner A, et al. Burden of road traffic injuries in Nepal: results of a countrywide population-based survey. Lancet. 2015;385.
14. WHO. Data systems: a road safety manual for decision-makers and practitioners. 2010. World health organization, Geneva, Switzerland.
15. Babu BV, John KR, Manickam P, Kishore J, Singh R, Mangal DK, Joshi A, Bairwa M, Sharma Y. Development and implementation of integrated road traffic injuries surveillance–India (IRIS-India): a protocol. Adv J Emerg Med. 2020;4(2):e35.
16. Babu BV, Vishwanathan K, Ramesh A, Gupta A, Tiwari S, Palatty BU, Sharma Y. Trauma care in India: capacity assessment survey from five centers. J Surg Res. 2020;252:156-68.
17. Stewart B, Quansah R, Gyedu A, Boakye G, Abantanga F, Ankomah J, et al. Serial assessment of trauma care capacity in Ghana in 2004 and 2014. JAMA Surg. 2016;151(2):164-71.
18. Wong EG, Gupta S, Deckelbaum DL, Razek T, Kamara TB, Nwomeh BC, et al. The international assessment of capacity for trauma (INTACT): an index for trauma capacity in low-income countries. J Surg Res. 2014;190(2):522-7.
19. Dagal A, Greer S, Mccunn M. International disparities in trauma care. Curr Opin Anaesthesiol. 2014;27(2):233-9.
20. Jagnoor J. Road traffic injury prevention: a public health challenge. Indian J Community Med 2006;31(3):129–131.
21. Gururaj G, Uthkarsh PS, Rao GN, Jayaram AN, Panduranganath V. Burden, pattern and outcomes of road traffic injuries in a rural district of India. Int J Inj Contr Saf Promot. 2016;23(1):64-71.
22. Harna B, Arya S, Bahl A. Epidemiology of trauma patients admitted to a trauma center in New Delhi, India. Indian J Crit Care Med. 2020;24(12):1193-7.
23. Kumar S, Srivastava DK, Kharya P, Sachan N, Kiran K. Analysis of risk factors contributing to road traffic accidents in a tertiary care hospital. A hospital based cross-sectional study. Chin J Traumatol. 2020;23(03):159-62.
24. Charitaki S, Pervanidou P, Tsiantis J, Chrousos G, Kolaitis G. Post-traumatic stress reactions in young victims of road traffic accidents. Eur J Psychotraumatol. 2017;8.
25. Serinken M, Ozen M. Characteristics of injuries due to traffic accidents in the pediatric age group. Ulus Travma Acil Cerrahi Derg. 2011;17(3):243-7.
26. Brockamp T, Schmucker U, Lefering R, Mutschler M, Driessen A, Probst C, Bouillon B, Koenen P. Comparison of transportation related injury mechanisms and outcome of young road users and adult road users, a retrospective analysis on 24,373 patients derived from the Trauma Register DGU®. Scand J Trauma ResuscEmerg Med. 2017;25:57.
27. Howley IW, Gupta S, Tetali S, Josyula LK, Wadhwaniya S, Gururaj G, Rao M, Hyder AA. Epidemiology of road traffic injury patients presenting to a tertiary hospital in Hyderabad, India. Surgery. 2017;162(6):S77-84.
28. Goel R. Modelling of road traffic fatalities in India. Accid Anal Prev. 2018;112:105-15.
29. Elslande P, Fournier J-Y, Parraud C. Powered two-wheelers in urban environment: a detailed accident analysis. Int J Saf Secur Eng. 2015;5(4):322-35.
30. Latorre G, Bertazzoni G, Zotta D, van Beeck E, Ricciardi G. Epidemiology of accidents among users of two-wheeled motor vehicles. a surveillance study in two Italian cities. Eur J Public Health. 2002;12(2):99-103.
31. Yannis G, Antoniou C, Evgenikos P, Papantoniou P, Kirk A. Characteristics and causes of power two wheeler accidents in Europe. Procedia Soc Behav Sci. 2012;48:1535-44.
32. Singh D, Singh SP, Kumaran M, Goel S. Epidemiology of road traffic accident deaths in children in Chandigarh zone of North West India. Egyptian journal of forensic sciences. 2016;6(3):255-60.
33. Tränkle U, Gelau C, Metker T. Risk perception and age-specific accidents of young drivers. Accid Anal Prev. 1990;22(2):119-25.
34. Martin JL, Lafont S, Chiron M, Gadegbeku B, Laumon B. Différences entre les hommes et les femmes face au risque routier [Differences between males and females in traffic accident risk in France]. Rev Epidemiol Sante Publique. 2004;52(4):357-67.
35. Bener A, Crundall D. Role of gender and driver behaviour in road traffic crashes. Int J Crashworthiness. 2008;13:331-6.
36. Laapotti S, Keskinen E. Has the difference in accident patterns between male and female drivers changed between 1984 and 2000?. Accid Anal Prev. 2004;36(4):577-84.
37. Valent F, Schiava F, Savonitto C, Gallo T, Brusaferro S, Barbone F. Risk factors for fatal road traffic accidents in Udine, Italy. Accid Anal Prev. 2002;34(1):71-84.
38. Gururaj G. Road traffic deaths, injuries and disabilities in India: current scenario. Natl Med J India. 2008;21(1):14-20.
39. Mohan D, Tiwari G, Bhalla K. Road safety in India: status report 2019. New Delhi: Transportation Research & Injury Prevention Programme, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, 2020. Available at: www.iitd.ac.in/-tripp. Accessed 14 April 2023.
40. Hong I, Iwasaki M, Furuichi T, Kadoma T. Eye movement and driving behaviour in curved section passages of an urban motorway. Proc Inst Mech Eng D J Automob Eng. 2006;220:1319-31.
41. Novikov I, Degtyar A, Lazarev D, Zagorodniy N, Makhonin V. A new approach to the study of complex vehicle movement during road transport expertise. E3S Web Conf. 2023.
42. Ni M. Study on mechanical effect of the vehicle at corners. In: 4th International Conference on Mechatronics, Materials, Chemistry and Computer Engineering (ICMMCCE 2015); 2015.
43. Singh S. Road traffic accidents in India: issues and challenges. Transportation Research Procedia. 2017;25:4708-19.
44. Garg N, Hyder A. Exploring the relationship between development and road traffic injuries: a case study from India. Eur J Public Health. 2006;16(5):487-91.
45. Ruikar M. National statistics of road traffic accidents in India. J Orthop Traumatol Rehabil. 2013;6:1-6.
46. Rajasekaran RB, Rajasekaran S, Vaishya R. The role of social advocacy in reducing road traffic accidents in India. J Clin Orthop Trauma. 2021;12(1):2-3.
47. Nantulya V, Reich M. The neglected epidemic: road traffic injuries in developing countries. BMJ. 2002;324:1139-41.
48. Sobngwi-Tambekou J, Bhatti J, Kounga G, Salmi L, Lagarde E. Road traffic crashes on the Yaoundé-Douala road section, Cameroon. Accid Anal Prev. 2010;42(2):422-6.
49. Pratte D. Road to ruin: road traffic accidents in the developing world. NEXUS: The Canadian Student Journal of Anthropology. 1998;13.
50. Khanal A, Sarkar P. Road safety in developing countries. J Civil Environ Eng. 2016;2014:1-8.
| Files | ||
| Issue | In press | |
| Section | Original article | |
| Keywords | ||
| Epidemiology India Road Traffic Injuries Trauma Surveillance | ||
| Rights and permissions | |
|
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License. |
How to Cite
1.
Sharma Y, Manickam P, John K, Kishore J, Mangal D, Singh R, Joshi A, Babu B. Road traffic accidents and injuries, 2018: a multi-centric epidemiological study from India. Front Emerg Med. 2024;:e32.
Downloads
Download data is not yet available.
