Telemedicine and natural disasters: various services, requirements, challenges, and general framework
Abstract
Providing early health care services in natural disaster is one of the essential applications of telemedicine. This narrative review aims to investigate the applications, advantages and challenges of telemedicine in natural disaster-stricken areas. Medline (through PubMed), Web of Science (WOS), and Scopus databases were searched for related articles published from beginning to 2022. The keywords used for the search included "telemedicine" and "natural disaster." After removing duplicate papers, irrelevant review articles and letters to editors, 44 relevant papers were selected and reviewed. Information sharing through audio, visual, and data-oriented services is among critical approaches that telemedicine services mainly use. Teleconsultation, tele-education, remote interpretation, tele-psychiatry, and tele-surgery are among measures that can be implemented in emergencies like earthquakes, fires, floods, storms, and drought. The fundamental requirements of a telemedicine-oriented system for providing emergency services in natural disasters include wireless scales, conversation tools, blood pressure monitor, respiratory rate monitor, spo2 sensor, glucometer, portable ultrasound unit, wearable thermometers, virtual stethoscopes, portable three leads electrocardiograph monitor, and digital otoscopes. Simple telemedicine systems can have many advantages in the natural disasters. However, the main challenge in this regard is to adapt the necessary communication systems to a telemedicine paradigm. Another critical challenge is to interpret and apply the summary of acquired information and the inevitable interaction outcomes at the required time and place.
1. Anwar S, Prasad R, Chowdhary BS, Anjum MR. A telemedicine platform for disaster management and emergency care. Wirel Pers Commun. 2019;106(1):191-204.
2. Baek J, Simon-Friedt B, Lopez A, Kolman JM, Nicolas J, Jones SL, et al. Assessing Patient Needs During Natural Disasters: Mixed Methods Analysis of Portal Messages Sent During Hurricane Harvey. J Med Internet Res. 2021;23(9):e31264.
3. Callaway DW, Peabody CR, Hoffman A, Cote E, Moulton S, Baez AA, et al. Disaster mobile health technology: lessons from Haiti. Prehosp Disaster Med. 2012;27(2):148-52.
4. Augusterfer EF, Mollica RF, Lavelle J. A review of telemental health in international and post-disaster settings. Int Rev Psychiatry. 2015;27(6):540-6.
5. Bhardwaj A, Subba P, Rai S, Bhat C, Ghimire R, Jordans MJD, et al. Lessons learned through piloting a community-based SMS referral system for common mental health disorders used by female community health volunteers in rural Nepal. BMC Res Notes. 2020;13(1):309.
6. Benner T, Schachinger U, Nerlich M. Telemedicine in trauma and disasters--from war to earthquake: are we ready? Stud Health Technol Inform. 2004;104:106-15.
7. Benner T, Schaechinger U, Nerlich M. Medical telematics in disaster response. Stud Health Technol Inform. 2003;97:15-23.
8. Augusterfer EF, O’Neal CR, Martin SW, Sheikh TL, Mollica RF. The Role of Telemental Health, Tele-consultation, and Tele-supervision in Post-disaster and Low-resource Settings. Curr Psychiatry Rep. 2020;22(12):85.
9. Mitsusada M, Osaka I, Koga N, Yamazaki T. Aerotransportaion and Telemedicine of the Injured Patients from Remote Volcanic Islands. Prehosp Disaster Medicine. 2002;17(S1):S20-1.
10. Raghavendra S, Santosh KJ. Performance evaluation of random forest with feature selection methods in prediction of diabetes. Int J Electr Comput Eng. 2020;10(1):353-9.
11. Wang H, Xiong W, Hupert N, Sandrock C, Siddiqui J, Bair A. Concept of operations for a regional telemedicine hub to improve medical emergency response. InProceedings of the 2009 Winter Simulation Conference (WSC) 2009 Dec 13 (pp. 2809-2819). IEEE.
12. Doarn CR, Barrigan CR, Poropatich RK. Application of health technology in humanitarian response: U.S. military deployed health technology summit-A summary. Telemed J E Health. 2011;17(6):501-6.
13. Carrasco AE, Moessner M, Carbonell CG, Rodriguez C, Martini N, Perez JC, et al. SIN-E-STRES: An adjunct Internet-based intervention for the treatment of patients with posttraumatic stress disorder in Chile. Revista Ces Psicologia. 2020;13(3):239-58.
14. Cenname G, D'Ambrosio I, Ajello C. Teleradiology: case series and experience acquired in the military field. La Radiologia medica. 2013;118(4):688-99. [Article in Italian]
15. Houtchens BA, Clemmer TP, Holloway HC, Kiselev AA, Logan JS, Merrell RC, et al. Telemedicine and international disaster response: medical consultation to Armenia and Russia via a Telemedicine Spacebridge. Prehosp Disaster Med. 1993;8(1):57-66.
16. Latifi R, Tilley EH. Telemedicine for disaster management: can it transform chaos into an organized, structured care from the distance? Am J Disaster Med. 2014;9(1):25-37.
17. Yu JN, Brock TK, Mecozzi DM, Tran NK, Kost GJ. Future connectivity for disaster and emergency point of care. Point Care. 2010;9(4):185-92.
18. Yambe T, Shibata M, Sumiyoshi T, Mibiki Y, Osawa N, Katahira Y, et al. Medical responses following the sendai quake (East Japan earthquake, March 11, 2011). Artif Organs. 2012;36(8):760-3.
19. Benner T, Röckelein W, Perk A, Nerlich M, Schaechinger U. Opportunities of medical telematics in disaster medicine. Intensiv- und Notfallbehandlung. 2004;29(2):94-102.
20. Burke RV, Berg BM, Vee P, Morton I, Nager A, Neches R, et al. Using robotic telecommunications to triage pediatric disaster victims. J Pediat Surg. 2012;47(1):221-4.
21. Chang T, Lee J, Wu S. The telemedicine and teleconsultation system application in clinical medicine. Conf Proc IEEE Eng Med Biol Soc. 2004;2004:3392-5.
22. Doarn CR, Merrell RC. Spacebridge to armenia: a look back at its impact on telemedicine in disaster response. Telemed J E Health. 2011;17(7):546-52.
23. Balch D, Taylor C, Rosenthal D, Bausch C, Warner D, Morris R. Shadow bowl 2003: A collaborative exercise in community readiness, agency cooperation, and medical response. Telemed J E Health. 2004;10(3):330-42.
24. Tanaka K, Ono T, Takemoto T, Kimura H, Harada M, Iida M, Nakajima I. Proposal of high-definition digital video IP transmission application on emergency satellite network at disaster areas. InHEALTHCOM 2006 8th International Conference on e-Health Networking, Applications and Services 2006 Aug 17 (pp. 9-12). IEEE.
25. Yoshizawa M, Yambe T, Sugita N, Konno S, Abe M, Homma N, et al. Application of a Telemedical Tool in an Isolated Island and a Disaster Area of the Great East Japan Earthquake. IEICE Trans Commun. 2012;E95B(10):3067-73.
26. Yuliastuti GE, Alfiyatin AN, Rizki AM, Hamdianah A, Taufiq H, Mahmudy W. Performance Analysis of Data Mining Methods for Sexually Transmitted Disease Classification. Int J Electr Comput Eng. 2018;8(5):3933-9.
27. Cadger F, Curran K, Santos J, Moffett S. Location and mobility-aware routing for multimedia streaming in disaster telemedicine. Ad Hoc Networks. 2016;36:332-48.
28. Chai JK, Li TS. Professional technology being reached to the field, so that traumatic treatment level is elevated in earthquake. Zhonghua wei zhong bing ji jiu yi xue. 2013;25(5):268-9. [Article in Chinese]
29. Garshnek V, Burkle Jr FM. Applications of telemedicine and telecommunications to disaster medicine: historical and future perspectives. J Am Med Inform Assoc. 1999;6(1):26-37.
30. Meinander H, Honkala M. Potential applications of smart clothing solutions in health care and personal protection. Stud Health Technol Inform. 2004;108:278-85.
31. Nejadshafiee M, Nekoei-Moghadam M, Bahaadinbeigy K, Khankeh H, Sheikhbardsiri H. Providing telenursing care for victims: a simulated study for introducing of possibility nursing interventions in disasters. BMC Med Inform Decis Mak. 2022;22(1):54.
32. Chen XL, Lu L, Shi J, Zhang X, Fan HJ, Fan B, et al. Application and Prospect of a Mobile Hospital in Disaster Response. Disaster Med Public Health Prep. 2020;14(3):377-83.
33. Chronaki CE, Berthier A, Lleo MM, Esterle L, Lenglet A, Simon F, et al. A satellite infrastructure for health early warning in post-disaster health management. Stud Health Technol Inform. 2007;129(Pt 1):87-91.
34. Pasipanodya EC, Shem K. Provision of care through telemedicine during a natural disaster: a case study. Spinal Cord Ser Cases. 2020;6(1):60.
35. Jimmy NY, Brock TK, Mecozzi DM, Tran NK, Kost GJ. Future connectivity for disaster and emergency point of care. Point Care. 2010;9(4):185-92.
36. Gul S, Ghaffar H, Mirza S, Fizza Tauqir S, Murad F, Ali Q, et al. Multitasking a telemedicine training unit in earthquake disaster response: paraplegic rehabilitation assessment. Telemed J E Health. 2008;14(3):280-3.
37. Doarn CR, Latifi R, Poropatich RK, Sokolovich N, Kosiak D, Hostiuc F, et al. Development and Validation of Telemedicine for Disaster Response: The North Atlantic Treaty Organization Multinational System. Telemed J E-Health. 2018;24(9):657-68.
38. Hamilton K, Keech JJ, Peden AE, Hagger MS. Protocol for developing a mental imagery intervention: A randomised controlled trial testing a novel implementation imagery e-health intervention to change driver behaviour during floods. BMJ Open. 2019;9(2):e025565.
39. Perez-Ramos JG, McIntosh S, Barrett ES, Velez Vega CM, Dye TD. Attitudes Toward the Environment and Use of Information and Communication Technologies to Address Environmental Health Risks in Marginalized Communities: Prospective Cohort Study. J Med Internet Res. 2021;23(9):e24671.
40. Radcliff TA, Chu K, Der-Martirosian C, Dobalian A. A model for measuring ambulatory access to care recovery after disasters. J Am Board Fam Med. 2018;31(2):252-9.
41. Doarn CR, Merrell RC. Telemedicine and e-health in disaster response. Telemed J E Health. 2014;20(7):605-6.
42. Yuen EK, Gros K, Welsh KE, McCauley J, Resnick HS, Danielson CK, et al. Development and preliminary testing of a web-based, self-help application for disaster-affected families. Health Inform J. 2016;22(3):659-75.
43. Andrews RJ, Quintana LM. Unpredictable, unpreventable and impersonal medicine: Global disaster response in the 21st century. EPMA J. 2015;6(1):2.
44. Fan KL, Avashia YJ, Dayicioglu D, Degennaro VA, Thaller SR. The efficacy of online communication platforms for plastic surgeons providing extended disaster relief. Ann Plast Surg. 2014;72(4):457-62.
45. Fatehi F, Taylor M, Caffery LJ, Smith AC. Telemedicine for clinical management of adults in remote and rural areas. 2019. [https://doi.org/10.1002/9781119282686.ch26].
46. Etienne M, Alessi AG. Disaster neurology: A new practice opportunity and challenge for the neurologist. Neurol Clin Pract. 2013;3(6):493–500.
47. Litvak M, Miller K, Boyle T, Bedenbaugh R, Smith C, Meguerdichian D, et al. Telemedicine use in disasters: a scoping review. Disaster Med Public Health Prep. 2021; Online ahead of print.
48. Tedeschi C. Ethical, legal, and social challenges in the development and implementation of disaster telemedicine. Disaster Med Public Health Prep. 2021;15(5):649-56.
49. Nicogossian AE, Doarn CR. Armenia 1988 earthquake and telemedicine: lessons learned and forgotten. Telemed J E-Health. 2011;17(9):741-5.
50. Gulzari A, Tarakci H. A healthcare location-allocation model with an application of telemedicine for an earthquake response phase. Int J Disaster Risk Reduct. 2021;55:102100.
51. Doarn CR, Latifi R. Telemedicine and Disaster Response–An Historical Review. InA Multinational Telemedicine Systems for Disaster Response: Opportunities and Challenges 2017 (pp. 1-13). IOS Press.
52. Ferranti L, D'oro S, Bonati L, Cuomo F, Melodia T. HIRO-NET: Heterogeneous Intelligent RObotic Network for Internet sharing in Disaster Scenarios. IEEE Transactions on Mobile Computing. 2021 May 6.
53. Grover JM, Smith B, Williams JG, Patel MD, Cabanas JG, Brice JH. Novel Use of Telemedicine by Hurricane Evacuation Shelters. Prehosp Emerg Care. 2020;24(6):804-12.
54. Gogia SB, Maeder A, Mars M, Hartvigsen G, Basu A, Abbott P. Unintended consequences of tele health and their possible solutions. Yearb Med Inform. 2016;(1):41-6.
55. Murren-Boezem J, Solo-Josephson P, Zettler-Greeley CM. A Pediatric Telemedicine Response to a Natural Disaster. Telemed J E-Health. 2020;26(6):720-4.
56. Rajkumar KV, Yesubabu A, Subrahmanyam K. Fuzzy clustering and Fuzzy C-Means partition cluster analysis and validation studies on a subset of CiteScore dataset. Int J Electr Comput Eng. 2019;9(4):2760-70.
57. Chaet D, Clearfield R, Sabin JE, Skimming K. Ethical practice in Telehealth and Telemedicine. J Gen Intern Med. 2017;32(10):1136-40.
2. Baek J, Simon-Friedt B, Lopez A, Kolman JM, Nicolas J, Jones SL, et al. Assessing Patient Needs During Natural Disasters: Mixed Methods Analysis of Portal Messages Sent During Hurricane Harvey. J Med Internet Res. 2021;23(9):e31264.
3. Callaway DW, Peabody CR, Hoffman A, Cote E, Moulton S, Baez AA, et al. Disaster mobile health technology: lessons from Haiti. Prehosp Disaster Med. 2012;27(2):148-52.
4. Augusterfer EF, Mollica RF, Lavelle J. A review of telemental health in international and post-disaster settings. Int Rev Psychiatry. 2015;27(6):540-6.
5. Bhardwaj A, Subba P, Rai S, Bhat C, Ghimire R, Jordans MJD, et al. Lessons learned through piloting a community-based SMS referral system for common mental health disorders used by female community health volunteers in rural Nepal. BMC Res Notes. 2020;13(1):309.
6. Benner T, Schachinger U, Nerlich M. Telemedicine in trauma and disasters--from war to earthquake: are we ready? Stud Health Technol Inform. 2004;104:106-15.
7. Benner T, Schaechinger U, Nerlich M. Medical telematics in disaster response. Stud Health Technol Inform. 2003;97:15-23.
8. Augusterfer EF, O’Neal CR, Martin SW, Sheikh TL, Mollica RF. The Role of Telemental Health, Tele-consultation, and Tele-supervision in Post-disaster and Low-resource Settings. Curr Psychiatry Rep. 2020;22(12):85.
9. Mitsusada M, Osaka I, Koga N, Yamazaki T. Aerotransportaion and Telemedicine of the Injured Patients from Remote Volcanic Islands. Prehosp Disaster Medicine. 2002;17(S1):S20-1.
10. Raghavendra S, Santosh KJ. Performance evaluation of random forest with feature selection methods in prediction of diabetes. Int J Electr Comput Eng. 2020;10(1):353-9.
11. Wang H, Xiong W, Hupert N, Sandrock C, Siddiqui J, Bair A. Concept of operations for a regional telemedicine hub to improve medical emergency response. InProceedings of the 2009 Winter Simulation Conference (WSC) 2009 Dec 13 (pp. 2809-2819). IEEE.
12. Doarn CR, Barrigan CR, Poropatich RK. Application of health technology in humanitarian response: U.S. military deployed health technology summit-A summary. Telemed J E Health. 2011;17(6):501-6.
13. Carrasco AE, Moessner M, Carbonell CG, Rodriguez C, Martini N, Perez JC, et al. SIN-E-STRES: An adjunct Internet-based intervention for the treatment of patients with posttraumatic stress disorder in Chile. Revista Ces Psicologia. 2020;13(3):239-58.
14. Cenname G, D'Ambrosio I, Ajello C. Teleradiology: case series and experience acquired in the military field. La Radiologia medica. 2013;118(4):688-99. [Article in Italian]
15. Houtchens BA, Clemmer TP, Holloway HC, Kiselev AA, Logan JS, Merrell RC, et al. Telemedicine and international disaster response: medical consultation to Armenia and Russia via a Telemedicine Spacebridge. Prehosp Disaster Med. 1993;8(1):57-66.
16. Latifi R, Tilley EH. Telemedicine for disaster management: can it transform chaos into an organized, structured care from the distance? Am J Disaster Med. 2014;9(1):25-37.
17. Yu JN, Brock TK, Mecozzi DM, Tran NK, Kost GJ. Future connectivity for disaster and emergency point of care. Point Care. 2010;9(4):185-92.
18. Yambe T, Shibata M, Sumiyoshi T, Mibiki Y, Osawa N, Katahira Y, et al. Medical responses following the sendai quake (East Japan earthquake, March 11, 2011). Artif Organs. 2012;36(8):760-3.
19. Benner T, Röckelein W, Perk A, Nerlich M, Schaechinger U. Opportunities of medical telematics in disaster medicine. Intensiv- und Notfallbehandlung. 2004;29(2):94-102.
20. Burke RV, Berg BM, Vee P, Morton I, Nager A, Neches R, et al. Using robotic telecommunications to triage pediatric disaster victims. J Pediat Surg. 2012;47(1):221-4.
21. Chang T, Lee J, Wu S. The telemedicine and teleconsultation system application in clinical medicine. Conf Proc IEEE Eng Med Biol Soc. 2004;2004:3392-5.
22. Doarn CR, Merrell RC. Spacebridge to armenia: a look back at its impact on telemedicine in disaster response. Telemed J E Health. 2011;17(7):546-52.
23. Balch D, Taylor C, Rosenthal D, Bausch C, Warner D, Morris R. Shadow bowl 2003: A collaborative exercise in community readiness, agency cooperation, and medical response. Telemed J E Health. 2004;10(3):330-42.
24. Tanaka K, Ono T, Takemoto T, Kimura H, Harada M, Iida M, Nakajima I. Proposal of high-definition digital video IP transmission application on emergency satellite network at disaster areas. InHEALTHCOM 2006 8th International Conference on e-Health Networking, Applications and Services 2006 Aug 17 (pp. 9-12). IEEE.
25. Yoshizawa M, Yambe T, Sugita N, Konno S, Abe M, Homma N, et al. Application of a Telemedical Tool in an Isolated Island and a Disaster Area of the Great East Japan Earthquake. IEICE Trans Commun. 2012;E95B(10):3067-73.
26. Yuliastuti GE, Alfiyatin AN, Rizki AM, Hamdianah A, Taufiq H, Mahmudy W. Performance Analysis of Data Mining Methods for Sexually Transmitted Disease Classification. Int J Electr Comput Eng. 2018;8(5):3933-9.
27. Cadger F, Curran K, Santos J, Moffett S. Location and mobility-aware routing for multimedia streaming in disaster telemedicine. Ad Hoc Networks. 2016;36:332-48.
28. Chai JK, Li TS. Professional technology being reached to the field, so that traumatic treatment level is elevated in earthquake. Zhonghua wei zhong bing ji jiu yi xue. 2013;25(5):268-9. [Article in Chinese]
29. Garshnek V, Burkle Jr FM. Applications of telemedicine and telecommunications to disaster medicine: historical and future perspectives. J Am Med Inform Assoc. 1999;6(1):26-37.
30. Meinander H, Honkala M. Potential applications of smart clothing solutions in health care and personal protection. Stud Health Technol Inform. 2004;108:278-85.
31. Nejadshafiee M, Nekoei-Moghadam M, Bahaadinbeigy K, Khankeh H, Sheikhbardsiri H. Providing telenursing care for victims: a simulated study for introducing of possibility nursing interventions in disasters. BMC Med Inform Decis Mak. 2022;22(1):54.
32. Chen XL, Lu L, Shi J, Zhang X, Fan HJ, Fan B, et al. Application and Prospect of a Mobile Hospital in Disaster Response. Disaster Med Public Health Prep. 2020;14(3):377-83.
33. Chronaki CE, Berthier A, Lleo MM, Esterle L, Lenglet A, Simon F, et al. A satellite infrastructure for health early warning in post-disaster health management. Stud Health Technol Inform. 2007;129(Pt 1):87-91.
34. Pasipanodya EC, Shem K. Provision of care through telemedicine during a natural disaster: a case study. Spinal Cord Ser Cases. 2020;6(1):60.
35. Jimmy NY, Brock TK, Mecozzi DM, Tran NK, Kost GJ. Future connectivity for disaster and emergency point of care. Point Care. 2010;9(4):185-92.
36. Gul S, Ghaffar H, Mirza S, Fizza Tauqir S, Murad F, Ali Q, et al. Multitasking a telemedicine training unit in earthquake disaster response: paraplegic rehabilitation assessment. Telemed J E Health. 2008;14(3):280-3.
37. Doarn CR, Latifi R, Poropatich RK, Sokolovich N, Kosiak D, Hostiuc F, et al. Development and Validation of Telemedicine for Disaster Response: The North Atlantic Treaty Organization Multinational System. Telemed J E-Health. 2018;24(9):657-68.
38. Hamilton K, Keech JJ, Peden AE, Hagger MS. Protocol for developing a mental imagery intervention: A randomised controlled trial testing a novel implementation imagery e-health intervention to change driver behaviour during floods. BMJ Open. 2019;9(2):e025565.
39. Perez-Ramos JG, McIntosh S, Barrett ES, Velez Vega CM, Dye TD. Attitudes Toward the Environment and Use of Information and Communication Technologies to Address Environmental Health Risks in Marginalized Communities: Prospective Cohort Study. J Med Internet Res. 2021;23(9):e24671.
40. Radcliff TA, Chu K, Der-Martirosian C, Dobalian A. A model for measuring ambulatory access to care recovery after disasters. J Am Board Fam Med. 2018;31(2):252-9.
41. Doarn CR, Merrell RC. Telemedicine and e-health in disaster response. Telemed J E Health. 2014;20(7):605-6.
42. Yuen EK, Gros K, Welsh KE, McCauley J, Resnick HS, Danielson CK, et al. Development and preliminary testing of a web-based, self-help application for disaster-affected families. Health Inform J. 2016;22(3):659-75.
43. Andrews RJ, Quintana LM. Unpredictable, unpreventable and impersonal medicine: Global disaster response in the 21st century. EPMA J. 2015;6(1):2.
44. Fan KL, Avashia YJ, Dayicioglu D, Degennaro VA, Thaller SR. The efficacy of online communication platforms for plastic surgeons providing extended disaster relief. Ann Plast Surg. 2014;72(4):457-62.
45. Fatehi F, Taylor M, Caffery LJ, Smith AC. Telemedicine for clinical management of adults in remote and rural areas. 2019. [https://doi.org/10.1002/9781119282686.ch26].
46. Etienne M, Alessi AG. Disaster neurology: A new practice opportunity and challenge for the neurologist. Neurol Clin Pract. 2013;3(6):493–500.
47. Litvak M, Miller K, Boyle T, Bedenbaugh R, Smith C, Meguerdichian D, et al. Telemedicine use in disasters: a scoping review. Disaster Med Public Health Prep. 2021; Online ahead of print.
48. Tedeschi C. Ethical, legal, and social challenges in the development and implementation of disaster telemedicine. Disaster Med Public Health Prep. 2021;15(5):649-56.
49. Nicogossian AE, Doarn CR. Armenia 1988 earthquake and telemedicine: lessons learned and forgotten. Telemed J E-Health. 2011;17(9):741-5.
50. Gulzari A, Tarakci H. A healthcare location-allocation model with an application of telemedicine for an earthquake response phase. Int J Disaster Risk Reduct. 2021;55:102100.
51. Doarn CR, Latifi R. Telemedicine and Disaster Response–An Historical Review. InA Multinational Telemedicine Systems for Disaster Response: Opportunities and Challenges 2017 (pp. 1-13). IOS Press.
52. Ferranti L, D'oro S, Bonati L, Cuomo F, Melodia T. HIRO-NET: Heterogeneous Intelligent RObotic Network for Internet sharing in Disaster Scenarios. IEEE Transactions on Mobile Computing. 2021 May 6.
53. Grover JM, Smith B, Williams JG, Patel MD, Cabanas JG, Brice JH. Novel Use of Telemedicine by Hurricane Evacuation Shelters. Prehosp Emerg Care. 2020;24(6):804-12.
54. Gogia SB, Maeder A, Mars M, Hartvigsen G, Basu A, Abbott P. Unintended consequences of tele health and their possible solutions. Yearb Med Inform. 2016;(1):41-6.
55. Murren-Boezem J, Solo-Josephson P, Zettler-Greeley CM. A Pediatric Telemedicine Response to a Natural Disaster. Telemed J E-Health. 2020;26(6):720-4.
56. Rajkumar KV, Yesubabu A, Subrahmanyam K. Fuzzy clustering and Fuzzy C-Means partition cluster analysis and validation studies on a subset of CiteScore dataset. Int J Electr Comput Eng. 2019;9(4):2760-70.
57. Chaet D, Clearfield R, Sabin JE, Skimming K. Ethical practice in Telehealth and Telemedicine. J Gen Intern Med. 2017;32(10):1136-40.
| Files | ||
| Issue | Vol 6 No 4 (2022): Autumn (October) | |
| Section | Review article | |
| DOI | 10.18502/fem.v6i4.10440 | |
| Keywords | ||
| Communication Natural Disasters Information Technology Telemedicine | ||
| Rights and permissions | |
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This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License. |
How to Cite
1.
Mohammadzadeh N, Saeedi S, Rezayi S. Telemedicine and natural disasters: various services, requirements, challenges, and general framework. Front Emerg Med. 2022;6(4):e53.
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